tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-119464962024-03-13T13:50:17.571-07:00Carsharing.USInformation, issues and ideas for those interested in the business of carsharing/car clubs - both round trip and one-way/free floating carsharing.Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comBlogger289125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-47442151456991219832022-02-07T09:25:00.002-08:002022-02-07T09:25:35.446-08:00EV Carsharing on the move<p><a href="https://www.greencarcongress.com/2022/02/20220203-amp.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lustria; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700; margin-left: -5px !important; padding: 0px 5px !important; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="color: black;">Forth and Mobility Development partner to launch national EV carsharing program; affordable model for underserved communities</span></a></p><h5 class="date-header font-dateheader" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato; font-size: 9px !important; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.6 !important; margin: 0px 0px 10px; visibility: visible !important; word-break: break-word;"><span class="entry-date" style="border: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 3px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://www.greencarcongress.com/2022/02/20220203-amp.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin-left: -5px !important; padding: 0px 5px !important; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">03 February 2022</a></span></h5><div class="entry-body font-entrybody" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px !important; line-height: 1.6 !important; visibility: visible !important; word-break: break-word;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Forth and Mobility Development Group are <a href="https://mobilitydevelopment.org/forth/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c9340e; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">creating</a> a national partnership to launch the Affordable Mobility Platform (AMP), which will establish electric vehicle (EV) carsharing based at affordable housing sites in at least five states over the next two years. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">In November 2021, Forth was <a href="https://forthmobility.org/storage/app/media/Press%20Releases/DOE%20Funding%20Press%20Release.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c9340e; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">awarded</a> two grants from the US Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the Low Greenhouse Gas (GHG) funding opportunity for the creation of solutions that reduce vehicle emissions and accelerate the expansion of EV infrastructure and charging (DE-FOA-0002475, <a href="https://www.greencarcongress.com/2021/11/20211102-doeghg.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c9340e; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">earlier post</a>). The national programs funded include Forth’s Affordable Mobility Platform (AMP) and the Leadership of Employers for Electrification Program (LEEP).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">AMP was awarded $5M over three years and seeks to reduce the barriers to electric vehicle adoption facing underserved communities, particularly residents of affordable housing. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">This carsharing model as it will roll out builds upon the success of the <a href="https://miocar.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">M<b>iocar program</b></span></a><b> </b>in California’s San Joaquin Valley (supported by Mobility Development), as well as Forth’s experience of piloting similar programs in rural Oregon—both efforts received proof of concept funding from DOE in 2019. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">These programs make it possible for people to drive EVs without having to own one, and are based in rural and urban locations where having access to a car can be critical to economic independence. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">The AMP program will concentrate on communities that have early interest in collaboration from local affordable housing developers, utilities and clean energy advocates, based in part on Forth’s work advancing this concept nationally through the Bloomberg American Climate Communities Challenge. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">The first states included in the program are: Oregon, Washington State, North Carolina, Missouri and Michigan. Mobility Development and Forth will seek to grow the program beyond these initial states as the federal government ramps up climate investments through the Justice40 initiative, and as other stakeholders work to accelerate the transition to electric mobility. </p><blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em !important; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 10px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><p style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;">Increasing equitable access to electric cars and charging is central to Forth’s mission. By combining our experience in developing successful national programs on EV outreach, education and access with Mobility Development’s experience with community EV carsharing, our partnership creates an opportunity to build an impactful, affordable and lasting program model. Together, we are working to ensure that those who are often hit first and worst by emissions-based pollution are also included in and involved with new technological advances addressing these issues, while also providing greater access to personal transportation options.</em></p><div align="right" style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;">—Jeff Allen, Executive Director of Forth</div><p style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em !important; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 10px 20px; word-break: break-word;"><p style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;">This partnership allows us to create meaningful impact on a national scale. Our EV carsharing operational experience and background working in marginalized communities, combined with Forth’s deep national network and impressive understanding of federal and state clean energy policy, will allow us to work more dynamically with communities throughout the US.</em></p><div align="right" style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;">—Creighton Randall, CEO of Mobility Development</div><p style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"></p></blockquote><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">The Affordable Mobility Platform also reflects a larger alignment underway between Forth and Mobility Development. In 2021 the two nonprofits began actively discussing how to combine their expertise to accomplish common goals around equitable transportation more effectively. To solidify their commitment, Mobility Development and Forth recently signed a formal memorandum of understanding, which maps out how the two groups will collaborate to “advance and accelerate the adoption of EV carsharing in low-income, underserved communities.” </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">These programs launching through the AMP initiative in 2022 and 2023 will demonstrate how Forth and Mobility Development plan to complement one another in their joint work. Knowledge-sharing between the nonprofits is a core principle laid out in their new partnership, ranging from respective best practices to use-cases that will help guide continuous improvement in their services. The partners seek to drive down the cost of providing nonprofit carsharing services through:</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">A unified software and telematics platform provided by Mobility Development;</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Purchases of vehicles and insurance coverage that gain from economies of scale;</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">A national bilingual call center for user with limited or intermittent smartphone access; and</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Support to other communities that are working to develop non-profit shared mobility models.</p></li></ul></div><div class="entry-footer" style="box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word;"><p></p><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div><p><br /></p><p> </p>Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-71192863396020062082021-04-12T14:19:00.005-07:002021-04-12T14:19:30.173-07:00Carshare is Dead; Long Live Carsharing<p> As you can see I've been away from my blog for quite a while. Retirement is great. Please indulge me while I share a bit of history about the early days of carsharing — the birth of my start up company, CarSharing Portland Inc., in 1998; and the launch of Flexcar and Zipcar two years later. It's here in the first installment of a history of carsharing by Tyler Phillipi.</p><p>https://greatscot.substack.com/p/car-share-is-dead-long-live-car-share</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zk3SoyGq8U0/YHS5EpQAZkI/AAAAAAAAi5Q/dXf_u_FVffAlzBDG0ouPx5JgRI56lMRjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1582/CS%2BDEAD.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1150" data-original-width="1582" height="430" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zk3SoyGq8U0/YHS5EpQAZkI/AAAAAAAAi5Q/dXf_u_FVffAlzBDG0ouPx5JgRI56lMRjwCLcBGAsYHQ/w591-h430/CS%2BDEAD.png" width="591" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-5772111094404487212019-01-11T11:24:00.000-08:002019-01-11T11:24:21.630-08:00Carsharing Papers at the 2019 Transportation Research Board Meeting<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sLza8BRlwJI/XDjtADhd7tI/AAAAAAAAQlk/8Com3l8NdA4pFYiYbYGEHPqe2NcxcjMEgCLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2019-01-11%2Bat%2B11.22.05%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="1376" height="92" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sLza8BRlwJI/XDjtADhd7tI/AAAAAAAAQlk/8Com3l8NdA4pFYiYbYGEHPqe2NcxcjMEgCLcBGAs/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2019-01-11%2Bat%2B11.22.05%2BAM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Carsharing has come a long way since the 1990s. This year there don't appear to be any presentations about carsharing, although a number of papers about one-way, round trip were accepted for publication. (see the end for how to read the full papers.) </div>
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Several of the papers deal with providing incentives for carsharing users to achieve various goals, for example relocation, increase utilization. Here are several that look interesting and a section of the abstract that caught my eye. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>Free-Floating Carsharing Users Willingness to Pay/Accept for Logistics Management Mechanisms </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Chenyang Wu, Imperial College London</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Scott Le Vine, SUNY New Paltz</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Sandra Philips, movmi Shared Transportation Services</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">William Tang, EcoService</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">John Polak, Imperial College London</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #dddddd; font-size: 14px;">...The objective of this study is to establish FFCS customers’ preferences for each of four incentivisation mechanisms: 1) vehicle delivery, 2) paid relocation, and 3-4) incentivisation for alternate vehicle pick-up and drop-off locations. Survey data from FFCS users in Vancouver and Washington D.C. are employed to quantify willingness-to-pay/accept (WTP/WTA) for these mechanisms. We find that a majority of respondents report positive attitudes toward each of the four incentivisation mechanisms. Regression analysis shows that user experiences using FFCS are generally stronger predictors of WTP/WTA than socio-demographic features, with (intuitively) the frequency of FFCS unavailability the strongest predictor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>An Incentive-Based Approach to Control Demands for the Operation of a One-Way Carsharing System </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Lei Wang, Tongji University</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Yong Jin, Global Car Sharing & Rental Co., Ltd.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Wanjing Ma, Tongji University</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Ting Li, Global Car Sharing & Rental Co.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Ling Wang, Tongji University</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">...The reward policy and the ranking method were tested in real operating environment of an electric vehicle sharing system in two districts of Shanghai. The result suggests that the reward policy with ranking method could shorten the vehicle idle time and increase the number of transactions per vehicle and per station, and also resulted in increments on profits.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>Car Sharing: Impact on Mobility and Travel Choices and the Role of Life Events and Attitudes </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Taru Jain, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Geoff Rose, Monash University</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Marilyn Johnson, Monash University</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;">...Car sharers were classified into five categories: car dependents, car avoiders, second car avoiders, car aspirers and car sellers. Key findings suggest that car sharing motives and impacts vary greatly for all categories. Car aspirers and car sellers report the greatest changes in mobility choices (car ownership) and travel choices (use of a car, public transport and active modes).</span></div>
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Here's the poster session:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>Operational Considerations for Shared Mobility</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Monday 8:00 AM- 9:45 AM </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Carol Schweiger, Schweiger Consulting LLC, presiding</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">...Shared mobility, particularly sharing rides, cars, bikes and scooters, is having a transformative effect on cities. Understanding what operational considerations affect the implementation of shared mobility services is critical to their success. This poster session explores several factors for consideration in the implementation of shared mobility in the transportation ecosystem.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">All the sessions involving carsharing and shared mobility are listed ere:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px;">https://annualmeeting.mytrb.org/interactiveprogram/Details/11617</span></div>
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To read the papers, you can go to an academic library and get a copy, or become a member of TRB, or pay TRB to access each paper separately. TRB.org</div>
<br />Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-49541893358851707382018-10-18T10:14:00.002-07:002018-10-18T16:48:11.999-07:00Comparison of the Cost of Car Ownership with Car2Go and Zipcar<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-065r5WoPFqI/W8i_G28UxEI/AAAAAAAAPqI/GdlkSN4olUwJLIYiu7yL50hOYhQ6zIAXACLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-10-17%2Bat%2B11.08.34%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1161" data-original-width="1600" height="464" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-065r5WoPFqI/W8i_G28UxEI/AAAAAAAAPqI/GdlkSN4olUwJLIYiu7yL50hOYhQ6zIAXACLcBGAs/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-10-17%2Bat%2B11.08.34%2BAM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
Arlington,Virginia, one of the most progressive cities in terms of promoting carsharing options as part of their TDM (Transportation Demand Management) program, last year released a very useful analysis comparing the cost of car ownership with one way (Car2Go) and round trip (Zipcar) carsharing at the rates current in 2017,<br />
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The <a href="https://arlingtonva.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2017/03/DES-Carshare-CarShare_vs_PrivateCarOwnership_Cost_Analysis.pdf" target="_blank">comparison</a> (PDF) not only used cost of a new car, which most comparison use, but additional scenarios of 5 year and 13 year old used vehicles. The study compared driving<br />
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<li>1,000 miles annually (19 miles per week)</li>
<li>3,000 miles annually (38.5 miles per week) </li>
<li>6,000 miles annually (115 miles per week)</li>
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Comparisons were made for both one-way and round trip services. Possible costs of parking a private car were not included in the cost of ownership. <br />
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The results won't surprise those familiar with carsharing economics:<br />
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<li>1,000 miles per year - All car-share options are less expensive than even owning a new car</li>
<li>3,000 miles per year - Car-sharing is equal or less expensive than most car-ownership scenarios</li>
<li>6,000 miles over year - Car-share is less expensive than owning a new car but not 5 and 13 year old used cars</li>
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Of course, the consumer decision to own a vehicle is more complicated than simply annual VMT - convenience perhaps being the biggest factor in many peoples' minds. The city's summary of the report says it this way:<br />
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<li>Under 2,000 VMT annually, car-share appears the most economically efficient on a household level.</li>
<li>Over 6,000 VMT annually, car ownership is, in almost all cases, economically more efficient than car-share.</li>
<li>Car-share services are best used as regular first-last-mile connectors and for infrequent trip taking.</li>
<li>Arlington residents owning more than one vehicle or considering buying their first vehicle are most likely to realize considerable savings by using car-share.</li>
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The county's main <a href="https://transportation.arlingtonva.us/carsharing/" target="_blank">carsharing web page</a> describes the partnerships with carsharing companies and has links to additional details of the study, including the cost assumptions that were used in the comparisons.<br />
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The county's TDM website, CommuterPage describes carsharing options like <a href="https://www.commuterpage.com/ways-to-get-around/car-sharing/" target="_blank">this</a>,Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-54256027152617052072018-04-06T09:50:00.003-07:002018-04-06T09:52:19.637-07:00Carsharing Portland Timeline<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sWDvVaCrpIg/WqgKZ4vzhBI/AAAAAAAAK94/cUICwMF3qDYvhrOc2rRATUIUISqkri_rACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/CSP%2Blogo.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sWDvVaCrpIg/WqgKZ4vzhBI/AAAAAAAAK94/cUICwMF3qDYvhrOc2rRATUIUISqkri_rACK4BGAYYCw/s200/CSP%2Blogo.gif" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is a short chronology of CarSharing Portland and the start of carsharing in the US, based on announcements in CSP member newsletters and other documents.</span><br />
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Pre 1996</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1985 - Russell Martin works for the Short Term Auto Rental (STAR) project, an UMTA funded </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">demonstration program at Park Merced housing complex in San Francisco</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1994 - Benoit Robert starts nonprofit carshare in Quebec City which became CommunAuto in </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1995, a for profit company based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Rain Magazine (Eugene) publishes extended interview with Carsten Petersen and </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Markus Petersen, founders of StattAuto Berlin; another article describes the </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">formation of the Eugene Carshare Cooperative (which apparently only had 1 old </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">VW Beetle); these articles had significant influence on Dave Brook.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Various articles appear in US newspapers about carsharing in Europe during the decade.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1996</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Richard Katzev arranges for trip to US by Conrad Wagner of Switzerland</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">December – Proposal to DEQ by BTA, Research Into Action and Scott Engineering:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Feasibility and Business Planning for Car Sharing/Mobility Services in Portland, Oregon</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">
</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1997</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Conrad Wagner, Switzerland speaks at public meetings in Portland</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Cooperative Auto Network (coop) launched in Vancouver, BC, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">April – Research Into Action, Scott Engineering and Rex Burkholder submit</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Focus Group Summary Report Car Sharing in Portland, Oregon</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">July – Research Into Action, Scott Engineering and Rex Burkholder submit 2 reports to COP/DEQ:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Market Feasibility Study: Car Sharing in Portland, Oregon</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Business Planning Study: Car Sharing in Portland, Oregon</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">August - CSP submits proposal to DEQ for </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Implementation and Evaluation of a Pilot Car </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Sharing/Mobility Service in Portland, Oregon</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">September – CSP Business Plan to Oregon DEQ regarding Car Share Pilot Project</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">First brainstorming of slogans from Hucksters</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">December - DEQ issues RFP for Carsharing/Mobility Service; 2 week response deadline</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hiring Russell Martin</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Other activities during the year: Securing insurance via VPSI, from Dreyfuss Ney</span></div>
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<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1998</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">January - Membership recruitment events; TV coverage</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">February 28, 1998 official launch of CarSharing Portland Inc.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">16 members, 2 Dodge Neons, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Rates: $1.50 per hour + 30¢ per mile; $500 security deposit; </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">No hourly fee from midnight to 6 am (only mileage charges)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">June – Buckman Heights partnership</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Conrad Wagner speaks in Portland again</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vehicle reservations shifted to telephone answering service</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">July – Toyota Tacoma pickup truck added to Buckman Heights location </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(forced relocation of lockboxes outside of the cars)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">August – Rate adjustment: $1.50 ;per hour + 40¢ per mile (first 40 miles, then 15¢ per mile)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">First downtown location – PSU, SW 3rd & Harrison</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">October – 79 members; 6 vehicles at 5 locations</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">November - 88 members</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Overnight (no hourly fee) extended 11 pm to 7 am</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">December – Security deposit lowered to $250</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Daily rate introduced: $45/day (including gas)</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1999</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">January – shorter Trip Ticket format introduced; customer feedback questions removed</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">$10 per month membership fee introduced</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">100 members</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">February – Dr. Richard Katzev delivers interim report on CSP activity</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Status Report of Carsharing Portland (CSP): The First Nine Months</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Carsharing exempted from Multnomah County Rental Car Tax</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">March – CARS phone reservation system introduced; originally developed by Ron Wilder, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Wilder Engineering, Campbell, Calif. for flying clubs to schedule plane rental</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">April – Fleet gas cards introduced</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">First yellow Hucksters marketing brochures</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">July – Richard Katzev presents first year evaluation study showing significant reductions in member car ownership, car usage</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">September – 200 members</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">First Dodge Neons replaced</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">October – Hired car cleaner</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Five trips in the same car in one day - a new record</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2000</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">January – Honda Insight added to fleet; first hybrid in carsharing fleet (Pearl District location)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">February – first 2 cars in Pearl District; partnership with Hoyt Street Properties</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">March – PSU student evaluation: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Carsharing: The Missing Link</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">First Saturn cars added to the fleet</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">17 locations, 18 vehicles</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">New brochures released</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">April – Flexcar, Seattle, and Zipcar, Boston, launched </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">July – Single phone number for office and CARS reservations instituted 872-9882</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">300 members</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">October – Dodge Caravan, first minivan added to the fleet</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2001</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">January – rate increase from $1.50 to $2.00 per hour; distance same at 40¢/mile</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Daily Rate Camp ended; members encouraged to use Enterprise 15% discount</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vehicle “stolen” and recovered 2 weeks later; was actually “misplaced” by a member</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">March – 500 members</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Original Toyota Tacoma pickup replaced with Mazda B2500</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">July – first announcement to members about future Flexcar merger</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">August – Amtrak Cascades 10% discount</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">September - Maren announces her departure</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">October – CSP rebranded as Flexcar; first Honda Civics introduced</span></div>
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Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-88322068373209960112018-04-06T08:39:00.002-07:002018-09-29T15:49:57.465-07:00Scenes from the 20th Anniversary of Carsharing in the US PartyMany of the founders and supporters of the first commercial carsharing company in the US - CarSharing Portland Inc. - celebrated the 20th anniversary of its launch at the Lucky Lab Brewpub on<br />
April 2nd. Carsharing has come a long way since then. <br />
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I'll be posting a timeline of CarSharing Portland (CSP) soon and am planning a series of posts describing the founding and activities of CSP. To get notified when they appear, subscribe to this blog (link in the righthand column).<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4z09bVe99uQ/WsaJa554rvI/AAAAAAAAMbA/ecH0lrUbRTUJ29zOCUblIcBZHmib76dZACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/FullSizeRender-746339.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="344" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6541066604115439346" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4z09bVe99uQ/WsaJa554rvI/AAAAAAAAMbA/ecH0lrUbRTUJ29zOCUblIcBZHmib76dZACK4BGAYYCw/s640/FullSizeRender-746339.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nina DeConcini, Oregon DEQ tells a story about getting carsharing through the state bureaucracy. Others in the picture include (from left: Russell Martin, first General Manager, Jerry Zelada taking pictures, Maren Souders, Outreach and Customer Service, Dave Brook, Founder of CSP; Rex Burkholder, then with the Bicycle Transportation Alliance and co-author of the feasibility study about carsharing; Nina DeConcini, then (and now) with Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality; Steven Scott, MetaResource Group, a co author of a bausiness planning study; Chris Hagerbaumer, Oregon Environmental Council; Francie Royce, then with the Portland Dept. of Transporation.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rex Burkholder and Dave Brook</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dave, Maren Souders and Russell Martin - the CarSharing Portland crew.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maren, Dave & Russell.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nina DeConcini tells another story. Steven Scott, Francie Royce & Ed Mcnamera are also visible</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Long time carshare advocate, Steve Gutmann, shows one of the signs from the original carsharing office.</td></tr>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZD1EojAegts/WsaJbkb6n3I/AAAAAAAAMbY/XlELOAHJosEKjOQUT9H1mtRWx_cI3NPCgCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/IMG_3231-750003.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="428" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6541066615532461938" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZD1EojAegts/WsaJbkb6n3I/AAAAAAAAMbY/XlELOAHJosEKjOQUT9H1mtRWx_cI3NPCgCK4BGAYYCw/s640/IMG_3231-750003.JPG" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></div>
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Todd Boulanger, then with the City of <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Vancouver, Washington's transportation department, </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">shows two no parking signs from the first on-street parking space reserved for carsharing vehicles.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Syw-14aH8kY/WseX6nxuCSI/AAAAAAAAM0U/l-Ot1Ljh4OoVhstQbS_QMaVWdjBj8jb5wCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_0353.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Syw-14aH8kY/WseX6nxuCSI/AAAAAAAAM0U/l-Ot1Ljh4OoVhstQbS_QMaVWdjBj8jb5wCLcBGAs/s640/IMG_0353.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Not able to attend the party but mentioned by many was Dr. Richard Katzev, Reed College psychology professor at the time, who inspired us and conducted the first independing evaluation documenting the benefits of carsharing to US cities.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Russell, Maren, Dave </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dave getting nostalgic after a beer at the Lucky Lab brewpub.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">And a final photo of one key person from the early days of carsharing (who wasn't located before the meeting) - Clive Bullian, whose </span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">started out cleaning cars and quickly became an invaluable all around fleet person. </span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;"> His easy going attitude boosted everyone's spirits and got the job done. </span></td></tr>
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Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-12801199505459779702018-03-13T10:45:00.004-07:002018-04-06T09:44:20.264-07:00Celebrate the 20th anniversary of CarSharing Portland<div class="p1">
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sWDvVaCrpIg/WqgKZ4vzhBI/AAAAAAAAK94/cUICwMF3qDYvhrOc2rRATUIUISqkri_rACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/CSP%2Blogo.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sWDvVaCrpIg/WqgKZ4vzhBI/AAAAAAAAK94/cUICwMF3qDYvhrOc2rRATUIUISqkri_rACK4BGAYYCw/s200/CSP%2Blogo.gif" width="200" /></a>March 28, 1998 was the launch date of Carsharing Portland, the first commercial carsharing company in the United States. Although the 2 original Dodge Neons did not get donated to the Smithsonian</div>
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Come celebrate the launch of CarSharing Portland on April 2, from 5 to 7 pm at one of our original member appreciation and recruitment venues - the Lucky Lab Brewpub, 915 SE Hawthorne. I'm digging out some historic documents and artifacts from the early days of carsharing to display at the event. </div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Rq0qhceBWyg/WqgNZCfJx_I/AAAAAAAAK-k/5-j5kkESNKMROwJU7yiJ8L359ZuS2Q5SwCLcBGAs/s1600/Conrad%252C%2BMaren%252C%2BDave%2B8-1-00.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Rq0qhceBWyg/WqgNZCfJx_I/AAAAAAAAK-k/5-j5kkESNKMROwJU7yiJ8L359ZuS2Q5SwCLcBGAs/s320/Conrad%252C%2BMaren%252C%2BDave%2B8-1-00.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b5cRulQRZNY/WqgMak7_5ZI/AAAAAAAAK-U/zsXS7XzH_AY45wa35E-UTRN2QxYEV9ZcwCLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-03-13%2Bat%2B10.32.45%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="626" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b5cRulQRZNY/WqgMak7_5ZI/AAAAAAAAK-U/zsXS7XzH_AY45wa35E-UTRN2QxYEV9ZcwCLcBGAs/s200/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-03-13%2Bat%2B10.32.45%2BAM.png" width="155" /></a>If you have some photos, artifacts or memories of the early days of CSP or Flexcar send them to me and I'll post them here. And if you're in Portland on April 2, come to a little party at one of our original member appreciation and recruitment venues - the Lucky Lab Brewpub, 915 SE Hawthorne, between 5 - 7 pm.</div>
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Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-63835852425246661232017-09-14T11:49:00.002-07:002017-09-14T11:49:51.281-07:00Some Resources About Reserved On-Street Parking for Carsharing<div class="p1">
Parking is a hot button issue in cities. </div>
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<a href="https://ddot.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ddot/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://ddot.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ddot/3.jpg" width="320" /></a>Cities have been providing free (and underpriced) on-street parking since the advent of the automobile, and, no surprise, people like FREE, even when it's a scarce resource and they have to cruise for it! </div>
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Making it even harder, is the perception that politicians are "taking away" public parking and "giving" (or even selling) it to private carshare companies, especially when the parking space is in front of your home or business — even though the private company is serving the residents of the area! </div>
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Consequently, it can be hard to get a city to designate on-street parking for carsharing. (In this posting I'm talking about reserved on-street parking for "round trip" carsharing services. One-way/free floating carshaing is a related but different issue.) The way these policies are implemented in each city depends on specific verbiage in the city's legal code framework. </div>
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Here are some resources:</div>
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<b><i>On-Street Parking Spaces for Shared Cars, </i></b></div>
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Access Magazine, University of California, 2010</div>
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<span class="s2"><a href="https://www.accessmagazine.org/spring-2010/street-parking-spaces-shared-cars/">https://www.accessmagazine.org/spring-2010/street-parking-spaces-shared-cars/</a></span></div>
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Good general overview of reserved on-street parking for carsharing.</div>
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<b><i>Best practices in CS parking: Carsharing and Public Parking Policies: Assessing Benefits, Costs, and Best Practices in North America</i></b></div>
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Susan A. Shaheen, Ph.D. et al., Mineta Transportation Institute, March 2010</div>
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<span class="s2"><a href="http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Carsharing-and-Public-Parking-Best-Practices.pdf">http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Carsharing-and-Public-Parking-Best-Practices.pdf</a></span></div>
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This paper outlines 3 strategies a city might take: </div>
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- Support CS with "free" parking because it's a public good (this is often done in the "pilot" stage)</div>
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- Charge either the market price for reserved parking spaces or charge the "lost revenue from parking meters" (this is the most common)</div>
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- Same as above but build in some sort of revenue-sharing mechanism when the operator meets some threshold.</div>
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<b><i>Three Ways Cities Are Using On-Street Parking Pilots to Expand Carsharing</i></b>, </div>
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Shared Use Mobility Center, 2015</div>
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<span class="s2"><a href="http://sharedusemobilitycenter.org/news/three-ways-cities-are-using-on-street-parking-pilots-to-expand-carsharing/">http://sharedusemobilitycenter.org/news/three-ways-cities-are-using-on-street-parking-pilots-to-expand-carsharing/</a></span></div>
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Basically, a brief summary of how San Francisco and Seattle are handling the allocation on-street parking in their cities. (The 3rd city, Boston, was in the RFP stage at the time the article was written.)</div>
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<b><i>Car Sharing at a Mile High</i></b>, </div>
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International Parking Institute, November 2013</div>
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<span class="s2"><a href="http://www.parking.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/TPP-2013-11-Car-Sharing-at-a-Mile-High.pdf">http://www.parking.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/TPP-2013-11-Car-Sharing-at-a-Mile-High.pdf</a></span></div>
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A detailed discussion of how Denver is implementing carsharing parking.</div>
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<b><i>Build Your Own Mobility Hub: 7 Lessons for Cities from Bremen, Germany</i></b></div>
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By Tim Frisbie, Shared Use Mobility Center, June 16, 2017</div>
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<span class="s2"><a href="http://sharedusemobilitycenter.org/news/build-your-own-mobility-hub-7-lessons-for-cities-from-bremen-germany/">http://sharedusemobilitycenter.org/news/build-your-own-mobility-hub-7-lessons-for-cities-from-bremen-germany/</a></span></div>
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The "Mobility Hub" concept places carsharing vehicles at/near other transit services, such as bikesharing, subway stations and major bus interchanges. This describes the efforts by the City of Bremen, Germany in integrating carsharing in the overall transportation network of the city.</div>
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<b>Carsharing: Establishing its Role in the Parking Demand Management Toolbox</b></div>
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Masters thesis submitted by Gina Filosa, Tufts University, 2006</div>
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<span class="s2"><a href="http://www.vtpi.org/filosa_carsharing.pdf">http://www.vtpi.org/filosa_carsharing.pdf</a></span></div>
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A detailed discussion of where carsharing fits into the overall parking management strategy.</div>
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Hope these are useful. Let me know if there are other articles or website you've found useful. </div>
Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-3802371774303869782017-06-12T15:05:00.000-07:002017-06-12T15:05:18.180-07:00Some thoughts about autonomous vehicles and the future of carsharing<div class="p1">
Earlier this month I was a speaker at the <i>Connected & Autonomous Vehicles Conference,</i> part of the larger <i>Internet of Things World Conference</i> in Santa Clara, California, May 17, 2017. I was on a panel discussion introducing shared mobility with Steve Messino, CEO of MuvMe, a carsharing/on demand car rental platform provider. </div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qHEb8LG23vU/WTBUjOieCWI/AAAAAAAAIoU/lz5GzJigj9A3256Kbv6DG_8eci2ijC0MQCLcB/s1600/FullSizeRender.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qHEb8LG23vU/WTBUjOieCWI/AAAAAAAAIoU/lz5GzJigj9A3256Kbv6DG_8eci2ijC0MQCLcB/s400/FullSizeRender.jpg" width="400" /></a>I'm skeptical about how fast the conversion to autonomous vehicles is going to happen, so I was interested to hear from a number of other speakers in the autonomous vehicle industry saying the same thing at other sessions. There are all sorts of issues to be sorted out - highway regulations and insurance are two big ones and in the US. And these issues will have be figured out on both the national and state by state levels, and probably some cities will want to regulate them, as well. </div>
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<b>What did you learn about autonomous cars at the conference?</b></div>
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I've been skeptical about soon autononmous cars are going to become widespread. I just saw one this morning saying it would be, "within 5 years". Well, okay, maybe on certain highways, but not widespread. It's not because of technology or availability of insurance, but because there are so many regulatory challenges to figure out, at least in North America — the federal government and each state have to implement laws, insurance commissioners in each state have to go through a process. I don't see it happening on a widescale basis for at least 10 years.<br />
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Something that really surprised me, as much as I hate to admit it, is the awareness of carsharing at the conference was pretty low. We are still more niche to the general public than we realize. But everyone seems to know about Uber and Lyft and their ultimate plans to switch to autonomous cars. It wasn't until after the conference I read this really wonderful <a href="https://www.inc.com/salvador-rodriguez/car-tech-trends-2017.html?cid=srch" target="_blank">quote</a> from Gregory Ducongé, CEO of Vulog that would have helped people at the conference understand carsharing, "It's Uber without the driver, and it's much cheaper."<br />
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There was one whole session devoted to insuring self driving cars which I found very interesting because it reminded me of my own experiences in the early days of carsharing. I don't see insurance as the challenge some of the speakers did. Carsharing pioneers in every country face the challenge of finding an insurance company to provide coverage and AV pioneers will are facing the same thing. But I think the experience of peer to peer carshare companies suggests that it might actually be easier for autonomous vehicle companies to get insurance because the scale of AVs is so much greater than a little carshare start up, and scale is what insurance companies are looking for to provide a cushion against big claims. It wouldn't surprise me if AV insurance had a pay-by-mile (or kilometer) component, as well! </div>
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In my talk, I reminded everyone that there's no difference between autonomous Uber and autonomous Zipcar - both will provide cars that come to your front door when you request them. Uber and Lyft clearly have the advantage of a huge member based, but I wonder if Zipcar may have an easier time integrating self driving cars into their business model, since it's built on the idea of owning the fleet, whereas the ride-hailing companies have built their business model on using other peoples' cars. The challenge for Uber to make the switch is big but hardly insurmountable if you have lots of cash!)<br />
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Perhaps the most fundamental insight about the future of autonomous vehicles didn't come from the conference at all but from an article several months ago in Atlantic Magazine's excellent <a href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2014/04/will-world-driverless-cars-be-heaven-or-hell/8784/" target="_blank">CityLab</a> website. It said that AVs could lead to either a transportation "heaven" (if the AVs were shared) or "hell" (if privately owned) due to increased congestion and VMT.</div>
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<b>Where is carsharing headed?</b></div>
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I've always been reluctant to make predictions beyond 5 years out. There are so many uncertainties about technology and government policies that could take the industry in a radically different direction. Such changes might be a breakthrough in battery technology for electric vehicles or even the election of a new US President! So, some things I see likely to happen in the next 5 years include: </div>
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</div>
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<li><b>The distinction between car rental and carsharing will be blurred even more</b>. Car rental companies on every continent are already offering classic carsharing services - EuropCar, Orix, Enterprise, to name a few. And car rental companies are increasingly installing telematics in vehicles to enable on-demand rental to provide greater convenience to their customers, allowing them to bypass the checkout counter. This would allow car rental companies to set up remote unattended lots in less dense areas to facilitate neighborhood rentals. Just add insurance and refueling and you have carsharing.</li>
<li><b>Car manufacturers</b> — OEMs will continue to expand their offerings in the shared mobility space. Even without millennials, I think the urban car sales market is already shrinking and shared mobility options will keep growing. These offerings may take the form of traditional carsharing services (like Maven), P2P carsharing (like Tesla's announced model 3 sharing), fractional leasing options (such as offered by Upshift), as well as many experiments with a variety of app-based integrated Mobility as a Service projects (Moovel, Ford, etc.)</li>
<li><b>Technology</b> — I expect OEMs will continue to keep their "connected car" systems proprietary, allowing access only for selected providers, such as their in-house carsharing or fleet leasing companies. I expect at least one car manufacturer will finally produce a special vehicle model with special options for carsharing fleets, such as allowing the telematics to automatically adjust seats and mirrors to each member's preference. (At one point Daimler made one model of the Smart for Car2Go with automatic setting of the radio to the last station the member listened to.) </li>
<li><b>New Entrants</b> — OEMs won't be only ones getting into shared mobility. We've recently seen automobile clubs offering in the one-way services (Evo in Vancouver, Gig in Oakland) and it seems possible that insurance companies and others in the transportation sector may start providing mobility services, such as last mile services to trains.</li>
<li><b>One-way carsharing</b> systems will become the dominant player, serving both round trip and point to point trips. In cities where on-street parking is not too difficult, the same fleet can easily serve both types of trips and it will provide better utilization of the fleet. In cities with limited on-street parking, companies may do it with separate but overlapping fleets, using some one-way vehicles to satisfy weekend demand.</li>
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I'm sure we'll see many other possibilities as the personal transportation sector is in huge ferment right now. <br />
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<i>(Note: an earlier version of this interview was published in the May, 2017 edition of the Team Red Global Carsharing Update newsletter.)</i></div>
Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-71008170250926591832017-02-13T15:10:00.000-08:002017-02-13T18:26:55.957-08:00I'm Disappointed in You, Car2Go and ReachNowPlease permit this short, but long overdue, rant about what I consider to be a poor decision by one of my favorite carshare companies - Car2Go. (Updated now to direct this rant also at ReachNow, as well.)<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fHdMHSg-qqQ/WKIlaJcaVvI/AAAAAAAAIik/3gIvJsHZr8oCPkmWm6Njd2aiWexSdvZcwCLcB/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2017-02-13%2Bat%2B1.25.47%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fHdMHSg-qqQ/WKIlaJcaVvI/AAAAAAAAIik/3gIvJsHZr8oCPkmWm6Njd2aiWexSdvZcwCLcB/s400/Screen%2BShot%2B2017-02-13%2Bat%2B1.25.47%2BPM.png" width="400" /></a>It's the "Driver Protection Fee" charged all Car2Go customers in North America. The "protection" it provides is reducing the insurance deductible from $1,000 to $250, providing a "benefit" to customers whether they want it reduced or not. <br />
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The Driver Protection Fee works like this: Your first 90 trips each year have an extra $1 tacked on to the final amount. After 90 trips the fee goes away until next year. 90 trips is an average of 7 trips per month - 2 trips per week (the kind of customer that any carsharing company would be smart to reward). <br />
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But for the rest of us, the vast majority of its customers, it effectively raises the per minute cost. For example: an 11 minute trip billed at the advertised rate of 41¢ per minute would cost $4.51. But with the Driver Protection Fee that 41¢ per minute trip actually costs 50¢ per minute. A 25 minute trip doesn't cost $10.25, it costs $12.50 - 45¢ not 41¢ per minute.<br />
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Even worse as far as I'm concerned, on the web site page showing the prices, the Driver Protection Fee isn't even an asterisk next to the rates, but shown on a separate page.<br />
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To be fair (thanks to a reminder from Car2Go) ReachNow has something similar - the "Shared Asset Fee". According to their <a href="http://reachnow.com/faqs/" target="_blank">FAQ</a> the $1 per trip Shared Asset Fee is to cover cleaning of vehicles - something we expect to happen anyway. At least with Car2Go you get the insurance deductible lowered. It doesn't go away after even 90 trips as with Car2Go. Worse, the ReachNow Shared Asset fee is levied only in Seattle and Portland but not Brooklyn. (Seems hard to believe we're messier than Brooklyn-ites!)<br />
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Look, if you want to charge me 50¢ per minute, fine, please do. I can tell you that 5¢ per minute isn't going to change my decision to use Car2Go if it's a trip I want to take and there's a vehicle close by. And if you want to give me a discount after my 90th trip, I'll take it.<br />
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One of the fundamental principles I tell start ups I'm working with is to keep pricing simple and transparent. This avoids confusion about what a trip is going to cost and sends a message to customers that your company is being fair and open with them. Please Car2Go and ReachNow, you can do better.Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-92221100054683858852016-12-28T18:04:00.001-08:002016-12-28T18:04:43.521-08:00The Year in Carsharing - In ReverseHere are some highlights of developments in the worldwide carsharing industry during 2016. They're taken from my Twitter feed <a href="https://twitter.com/CarSharing_US" target="_blank">@Carsharing_US</a>. This is a hardly a definitive list of developments in carsharing, only what caught my attention (and you can see that during certain months I was paying attention to other things!)<br />
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I think it gives a good sense that carsharing is growing and changing in lots of areas - Europe much more so than here. (Which is hardly surprising given the density of cities, quality of public transport and cost of private car ownership in Europe.) But Zipcar continues to innovate both here and in Europe and one-way carsharing is available in 13 cities in North America.</div>
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December</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>VW announces mobility projects for Rwanda, Africa</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Green Commuter launches with 20 EV carsharing fleet for Chatanooga</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qlBmuXD8KWw/WGRvEBqpw2I/AAAAAAAAIfw/WRvvmqQT5zgdB9ZI9LPRMzM6e4zNnn6cQCLcB/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B6.03.26%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qlBmuXD8KWw/WGRvEBqpw2I/AAAAAAAAIfw/WRvvmqQT5zgdB9ZI9LPRMzM6e4zNnn6cQCLcB/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B6.03.26%2BPM.png" width="320" /></a><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LA selects Bolloré Bluecar for EV carsharing pilot serving "disadvantaged neighborhoods"</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Audi On Demand opens first location in Germany</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Citroen launches E Mov casharing in Madrid with Citroen C-Zeros</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ReachNow Residential launched in Brooklyn - offers RT carshare to apartments and condos</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Vancouver BC has more carsharing members and cars than Portland or Seattle</div>
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November</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Autolib' Paris is 5 years old</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Car2Go closes Minneapolis, cites high taxes as part of the problem</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Car2Go ends service in San Diego, after replacing EV fleet with gas earlier in the year</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pincars, carsharing for Richmond, Virginia launched</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BlitFJUt28A/WGRuO4FYIBI/AAAAAAAAIfs/20Ijd5VIR-QDf79TYf0csMDv3HBVGambwCLcB/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B5.59.40%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BlitFJUt28A/WGRuO4FYIBI/AAAAAAAAIfs/20Ijd5VIR-QDf79TYf0csMDv3HBVGambwCLcB/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B5.59.40%2BPM.png" width="320" /></a><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ReachNow launches in Brooklyn; also offers ReachNow Ride (taxi) and ReachNow Share (rental)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Daimler announces P2P platform Croove, listing all car brands to start in Munich</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>City Carshare San Francisco sold to Carma, outsources service to Getaround</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nissan announces Get and Go carsharing in Paris for 2017</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>GM invests in Chinese trip planning start up</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mobility Switzerland one-way carshare Catch A Car opens second city, Geneva</div>
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October</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ridehailing now more popular with business travelers than car rental and taxi combined</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Toyota announces Smart Key Box technology demo with Getaround</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>BMW offers EV mobility bundle in Switzerland - train, carshare, bikeshare and i-3 for 1,100 CHF/month</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zipcar offers one-way trips between Baltimore - Washington, DC</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>GM expands Maven carsharing in San Francisco and other US cities</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ford closes GoDrive pilot project in London</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Robin Chase shows how self driving cars could either improve cities or ruin them</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Audi At Home offers services to luxury condos in Hong Kong</div>
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September</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>VW announces Moia - mobility brand with carsharing, ride hailing</div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YOuVxVMas4w/WGRq49E1U7I/AAAAAAAAIfU/WLlexgqOrLMzf2_Dh4f7GolGE2pcayWEgCLcB/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B5.37.36%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YOuVxVMas4w/WGRq49E1U7I/AAAAAAAAIfU/WLlexgqOrLMzf2_Dh4f7GolGE2pcayWEgCLcB/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B5.37.36%2BPM.png" width="320" /></a><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Italian EV carshares expand to Roma with Twizy and Zoe cars</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Citroen invests in CommunAuto</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bolloré launches BlueSG in Singapore</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>GM Maven offers one way trips between Ann Arbor - Detroit airport</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Moscow to have 5 one-way carshare companies</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zipcar passes one million members worldwide</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zipcar offers Zipbike on 15 college campuses</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zipcar launches one-way carshare in Brussels</div>
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August</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>GM announces that Opel will operate Maven carsharing services in Germany </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US study shows that carsharing trips are taxed higher than rental car</div>
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July</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tesla Master Plan Part 2 announces a future Tesla Carsharing Network</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mobility announces one-way trips between Zurich and Bern city and airports</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Awto - first carshare in Chile launched</div>
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June</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zipcar rolls out 100 one-way vehicles in Seattle</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ford discovers no one is interested in their fractional ownership pilot program</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Toyota launches Let'sGo carsharing in Dublin, Ireland</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Spain announces special parking and HOV lane privileges for carsharing vehicles</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tel Aviv announces $26 million investment for one-way cashiering to go to local Car2Go Israel</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Car2Go Chonquing signs up 78,000 members in 2 months (Seattle took 2 years)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>50 hydrogen Hyundais join BeeZero carsharing in Munich</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Team Red published detailed evaluation of round trip and one way carsharing effects in Munich</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JMii_8G7BUQ/WGRs23tEK5I/AAAAAAAAIfg/gmheN6g8fY0JhBA9E1aUZS6acAbGeGQnQCLcB/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B5.53.45%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JMii_8G7BUQ/WGRs23tEK5I/AAAAAAAAIfg/gmheN6g8fY0JhBA9E1aUZS6acAbGeGQnQCLcB/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B5.53.45%2BPM.png" width="320" /></a><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>EuropeCar acquires BlueMove (Madrid), rebrands as BlueMove Ubeeqo</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lots of speculation about Apple computer car and carsharing turned out to be nothing</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Toyota Ha:Mo ("harmonious mobility") demonstration with leaning i-Road vehicles in Grenoble, France reaches half way point</div>
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May</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Daimler Car2Go reports € 64 million loss for 2015 (that's an Uber-scale investment in the future!) </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>GM expands Maven to Boston, Chicago and Washington DC</div>
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March</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK's pioneer City Car Club rebranded as Enterprise Car Share</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>BMW re-enters the US market with ReachNow in Seattle</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Car2Go replaces the all-EV fleet of Smart cars with gasoline after 5 years of hassle</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Carsharing drove record profits for Japan's Park24</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Vancouver BC exceeds 100,000 carsharing member (sharing 2,100 vehicles)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Car2Go closes Miami citing high costs due to tax rates</div>
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February</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sixt says DriveNow grew by 50% in previous year - to 580,000 members and 4,000 cars</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Boston Consulting Group predicts worldwide carsharing membership to reach 35 million by 2021</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SouOGatYYE0/WGRtZQU3UWI/AAAAAAAAIfk/NDXzLrRKrxovaCHIFGccdBA6GPoQbjLlgCLcB/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B5.56.17%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SouOGatYYE0/WGRtZQU3UWI/AAAAAAAAIfk/NDXzLrRKrxovaCHIFGccdBA6GPoQbjLlgCLcB/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-12-28%2Bat%2B5.56.17%2BPM.png" width="320" /></a><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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January</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>GM launches Maven casharing at University of Michigan with 21 vehicles</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>VW replaces Quicar carsharing in Hanover with Greenwheels brand</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Waive Carsharing gives 2 free hours driving in ad-wrapped EVs in Santa Monica, Calif.</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>EuropeCar launches Matcha Carsharing in London and Paris</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>CommunAuto (Montreal) and Vrtucar (Ottawa) merge to improve service in eastern Canada.</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ford GoDrive expands to 21 stations at Holiday Inn Express hotels in London</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Audi invests $21 million in Silvercar rental service</div>
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If you want to see the news story that provides more detail about these headlines, you'll have to go to <a href="https://twitter.com/CarSharing_US" target="_blank">my Twitter feed</a>, search back to the month.</div>
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Did I miss some important developments? Let me know, via comments below or <a href="mailto:dave@carsharing.us" target="_blank">email me</a> directly.</div>
Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-75670564236053616382016-11-05T15:15:00.001-07:002016-11-06T10:59:07.862-08:00Is Milan the World Capital of One Way Carsharing? It Depends...The phenomenal growth of one-way/round trip carsharing around the world has redefined the carsharing world and I wanted to share some of my thoughts about what's happening the in carshare world right now.<br />
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<a 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rU8E6OEtMq9wR1bKnEFNCDOSLKNtBdxGU9uie+4tKMpiV92CCSJ0nSeR030qy4Nh8RePskzEbQFZyI5AKDB27K3vDuhKJqbVtf4sQxvN5WLJW2vgbjVol4ZayZHNy6OalvZW47PY2MisO583jTpsbMNhOEmyRbLpbcknKze0uliP8C1mY6DYxtVrZ6OM2vsrrd95lwyf5FD3j4MBWsw6LbXJaRba/htqEHmFAmpPtra/dzGN2MD0EfE1KxxW5NIz2F4AF3uJb7sPaUH/u3/aE+SrUwcKsTma0LjDUNfLXiPD2hIXYbAbVOfixOiEL3IoHqR+dJAq1QyoNw6idAzQOQ6x2HKk0tx1m/mP+o1CTidszkzPDFTlVjDLEgmIHvCvDyRbnL/Zm0SYoZaYfFNp1IHMuwWBz2nWm72PVd2QeEvtvtEbH0PYalQb4CiZFCo2FvhwCDIYSNuRg7eIqRFS7WwUCaOiihSsKMJ0Xxy3b9nDizYRTcBNxk9pcAGvVd9vADvre9NLeGvp+/wAS1u2hBItpOgBULrtuOXKuYdFEZsVbyCSMxPcuRpJ7AK6FgLL3GCIpZjso1J7dByr6OD2ZpIYwnBeHsqv+/uA6gswSe/KqiKdv4Ph9tSxwqkD8b3D/AOVbLA9Dwi58W8f9O2RJPYz7DynxqHxDg+AMzaB7ZdmnuIJiPKs59RDG/mIlsc+4BxjD4jH5sVbz2LaM6WpOQspBHtJk5AMx13IAO8VN6P4HFYjDMcKuRmvOBeKlQUzZuq/cSViB7vKNNPxXCC5hL9jB2raM6hR1YAUsM4kAxKiKY6H4K7hcP7F7g0LPzyoDqQDEkbnzNOOR5PmRSqitwv2bJZRnxeLIBEstoAHTUmTmzb9gid6xvFMZad/ZWh7PDqRPa0aDMRqTXR+nvFFw+BIUZruKUIWI2QgsYH3QB/8AIgnbTlPC+GX75y2bbPG5A0X+Zj1V8zRDKmn+RVe4OONbbJ7MnQENpA3GXL8eQ251WWllgoBJJgDtnuO9dD4N9nysScTdmAJS1zkne4w022A571p+HcDsYYk2LYQ7ZgSWg8ixMkd1CanuuC09jDcK6CXbkMwNtd4udQ66GZBf/wCEHt51suGdFMPZGpLnX3ZQaxrMm5Om6so7qt1pc1XAg7Kqk+zVUze9lABb+Y7t4kmoHGuPLhLZuE9YmEAjMx7FnbvPKhi+L2kMFizSVy21a40iCQVQEiMy7/iHbVvw/o9bF0X8R+9ZGz2VcLFokBdIEkSJE8xPIGpnPTFy8C45Mb0kwmLt4dMZjGJLNpaHu2p9xnG7MY0nYkc4jnN3Em45dtY2B+tbf7W+kTXbwwqk5UhrkfeciVB7gDPie6sHYssSAJk6AASSewAbnupYcspY1qEo9y6XpHfQQji0Dv7NQCfMy3xqmx2Ke6xuXGZztmYliN4Enz08a0nDehGIeGuAWV7bureVsaz3NFa/gfQzCIoe4Gvv1hNwwghiultTEGNmLUerGb0plKkcmwuGuXWCWwzEke6JieZjbzrf8J6EMADeKDbRv3h/7aEJPi7jurbfsyqIRVUfhUBQPADSitidqdDsiWeE2AoV1N4DYXSCg7xZQLaHjknvqzF0wFGijZRoB4AaCm8tN4nEraRrjzlUFmIBMAakwNaYh6KAFU3Eeklq3hf2pQXQxAGhMnLBnYggz4VH4rjceM7WbVkW0EzdZiz9UE5QsAayNTrFOx0Wb8VtDEDDEn2rJnAymMuvPyNS3QHcVjbnSa45wN5DltXrht3U0PWzKvvETGpYR2CtWxZdSQR36Gs5z07sB5VA2EUi5cIZQFJB3OkL40u20iYjxpUU1K9xlTiR128fmAfrWdw4PWsr1GtXCX3UOtxmZDI1YlYnvNafHr1/ED1kg/Sma8jLL08sjN8lLb4aSFzMWZTObKQdchI6xA1ZATofKnbfCFyhSCQNszRHVC/dHICN+3tq1ihFZvqJ+QGLViOznsDz1MkkzTtKoqycr5AKKFHQpWFEjhXQ26zZXxhgjUC0iIBG7BYzd22oFbbC2rWFUph7epEM7e88fiMTHcBAqnwnGbaXTZNwK7AZVOkzPM89Dp3010k6VWcIpzEZu/t7NNSe4V6+bNOD0xQSlvRK4hnfV2PgunxOvyqkvXlU6IJ7Tr86xuL+04MfccjwUfCSfjUvhPSSziDCsQ/4W0J8OR8jXLOOT6pIlxZqcLj2OYT2fX8qUcF+0Tagw8FyOaKQWWeWaQPPxIrsI0N4j5a/Q1N6P9KbYuXrawDlWGO7AFg0Dlqw9a68U5Pp3JdhtpKix4twQ3Y9pZVwDIDqDB7uyq27KQpXKo2UQoA7gBAp3F8fZjGcjun6VEvYpm94zXn2+CRzCXRnaBuBAE8ie0ntp++8CfD5ioFhocHt0Pgf7x6VYukgjtr0ME3LFXfc0jujNY7j1xb9xUAYWnRTZVHe5cVwrM6ldFjNoCNcp1qy4vh2vKUQ5bikPaadnQyub+E7HuNNcR4ZL+1V7tt2GR/ZMqhwslc2ZTB1MEQRJqwwrNIGmUCOZOm0k7mtm26adF0Regea77e8UK58QZDQMmW3aF2Z5BlInurU3LjdZm3YzH4V+6uw2GviTRcGth7q2p0yNcfskMoRfDXMe+O8Vc4m3YX3mk+vyrl63K1WP9zGTtnOOIdGsNcvPecXMzmWUOAjECJIy5gY7GFTMJZt2RFm2tvSCQOsR/E5lm8zWkxWIw36B/KqbGLbOqGuJ5ZNU2FsYeMoMkknYR1d9WJI7NgCdae4ef3Y8W/1tVexqXw46MO+fIgD6GurpMi10l2KiSbzdU+BrLdNsYyYa0AzKty6iXCs5skEsBHM5fPbnWrIqq4lwtL9h7F2QNww3Eahh8fKRXa3WRMujP8AAcMbWLX9lsX0wrqRcF1WUBwCVdc5k7AeZ8tQl5iwB2PLuqj4fhsQrJ7TGtdRDORLQVnynQOzGY7e341fWMWGYALEjcxPnEwNDueXhSyQlJpp1QUc841YbD58Br7O5ft3LB3hWJVl8jHoTzq143dtjiDjGpcuWso/ZkAZlJgTCj3mnMP7RWyxGBt3GVntozIZUsoJU6GVnY6D0qTNaah0c0s8BxBwl2yLLrct4lbloNpIZcphiQDEAkzFdDW3MM28Dq/hMa7bmafihUyqXIUFQo6EUWMg8RX3T3keon/xqJVljUlD3a+mv0ioFeV1qqafkloRFCKXRVxWKhOWhFR/2+37U2c0XIBCnTNIJ6v4tFMxtUH/ANb0Fz2R9iXye0zCQc2TMU3y5tJme6tFjk+w6LeKKjoqz1IdGW6e4pUxLAat7OG6pEMWYDfR+qBqNNY5Vh7z3b9xULM5ByoCSdSdhPaa3v2kYIriM5IIuLp3do9fnWU6KADGLO/Xy/zG20f719NKVxQlGpMlDgNpQQTcuuFJPsioWQjsAhytnGa2yzpBG21V/FOFeyl7bEhWI1gMChClhG6h+rmgajatJfx9+1YVsOPeZi7hcxOgy721kNHvZdSNydancVtStk3AFuXrcXED20J0A1zjMwGYnKOdTsPcr8N0je5hdf8AiA5GOnW2g90zr4HlWSxXEGzkoxB/EJBPbHYvxPPsD1qRhyRzDHzlE/0ufWk8C4b7ZyGOVFUvcbsUch3mYH9qElCGmPHJMY7tldl7at+EdIb+HIhs6c0YkiP4Tuvl6GrziGQYS3dwlpRL5GBVXadV1LAk6x/mFNdJOE2UNq2IXEMmuWAjNAGo2QsZiNO3tEygmqaK2ZsOGcQt4i2LiGQdCOanmp7DV/hL2ZQTuND4j89/OuQdEeKGxiAp9y4crDsP3W7oPwJrp9q8UMxIOjDn3EVwr/Bkp8MS2ZZXHIPukjuid+w7xHbO2hprEY1Ut+0bQQNDvrsIOoPcdqScRbOuby63+n+1YzpPxgMxVfdXRQObHcgdpOnlXo4Iqct+ETklS25LLh/S1kxSu7ZbbyjDubQHwDBfIGtHxHjSrqzKg7WYL864lj8ZJ5E+oHcO3x/3qOLxYlnJYnmdT61l1eKOaepbEwx0jrv/AK5h3MC/aJ/9xfzqWI3rijieVTOF8XvYczbcgc1OqnxU6ee9ckui/SytB2ECnME8XAPxaee4+RHmKz3RvpGmKGX3LoGqToe9O0d24+NXRHZvuD2EGQfUVyJvFkViSpl7loslN2L2ZQw5jbsPMeIOnlScRdIyhRmLGIJI0gljMHYDbSTAkV692aiFwKjs07AJ7N/KnVtAa6k99ItYtWiA2pIgqVIgEyQ0GNInnIp+nYBUKpcaLovyC2XMjCbqqoXVbiFN2Ok8/eG0a26XQdp9CPQnekCF0KImkmlYxRMb0y2KQfeB8NdhJ27vmKatYJAAImNixk6EkSdzvTy2wNgPT9dnwosKCs4kMdJ8xVcy5SV7DHly+EVZvcCiWIA7yB86rcZeUsCstIgwDy2MnTmefIVxdZHVDblA6XJTcV4ldRnFvIfZoHIIYkjWcxzKtsaH8RPZTeLxjGf+IbN+yPZm2pJR4OkqJEhgZOnVNT72GV2Dm0hZdmcAkc9IB+dPC234oHYoAHxmuNOKS2J1Iq7eDukWrwyW74UrdzCQ4IAJbKddVUjXup08Ps5iwDMC2fKGb2effNE5ZnXx1ip/sF3Ik9p1+e1ORSc35FqfYalzzUd0E/GR8qFOUKnbwTv5LjpH0etYsIHYpkJgplkg8usDpOvlWL419nb24vYS6WuJ1srxJKkFQhUATvod9K6UtjsHx+lUnHOjDYpiGxVxEP8AyrQUAjvOhYfzTXta0tkdDic84Zxu2WzrdFm43/ES4WAkhszhz7xkIADGUKR4tdIukVvKwRg91xDFWLKsyTBYe8M7KCvIAk8q2Nn7McDmGe5fYn7pZB/pWfjVthug3DrWv7MrH+JnufAmB6UPKr43EoM4hZYtYdRyafEMASPI2x61fdC7wS1imKh8qocumo/eTv5V1viHA8LctNYa1bVW2yKEYRsQRz8ormGL4Hd4XeFxx7TDOTbJ3JUwRnXYN2duU1cZXzsS1RcYUKtucOiqt06CYOcwM6bqRlAiIExtuIHFrmAS4Lt9Xd3UEZg8EL1fd0X7uxq0wWLa5eBNsPZImzdQyqwDIcbSeWxUiOZpvFewOHZMTd9tlJzE2WT2R16oubO06ArqZ2q9yTn/AEgKG/cZJCuQ4n/qKr/Nq6pwlLtyxacqSWtIxP3esoacx0G9cix98O7MBAOijsUAKo8lAHlUjHcZv3lVLl1iigBUmFAUAKAogaADlWGbCsqVjo6XxPiNpEcDEWS+UwiOHMxt1Zg/lXPOL4r3iNJMD5k+kDzqJwhP3qzzkeqsKHFNlHex9SB/41rhxxxY2o9yNK1EFFrScD6JXsQocxbtnZmBJbvVeY7yRUfonwwX8QFYSiAu4H3gsQvmSB4TV9w7j10Y4i4CttzkIOmU/cMHUdnZr3Uyyku4HCh/Z+3vZ5yz7IETtEB5HrR8d6MX8MCzAPb/ABpOn8w3Xx2760x6MMeIe3yj2X/EO3vjl2zm61VvS/j1z2+S04Ase9JEOzaMCPvKAcpHe1OqFZkLN1kYOhKspkEciK6v0f4qMTZW5oGHVuAcmHZ3HcePdXOeNYHJkuBGRLy5grAjIQYdBOpUHUHsYVP6CcQ9nifZkwt0ZTt7w1Q/Mf1Vy9Vi1wvugaOocPvZWKnZtV7m5jzAnyPbU9y3LKB3yfhp86qHSf1sRqDUi1jGGhUN3gx6iKw6fqVp0yEnXJLNmSGJ6wESFUGDBIBIJAkbTTgQQRqZ3kzPrUI41uSDzY/LL9aQ2Jc8wPBfzJHwrd9TjXcepFgiAbADwEUHcDUkDx0+dVT3Tzc+sfARTJuoNdPH+9Yy62PZBqLRsYnbPgCfiNKbbG9inzIHymqTEcasp71xB4soPpVdiOl2HX78/wAqsfjEVHxGWX0xFbNO2KfuHgJPqTHwppnJ3Zj5x/pgVi73TlPuo58YX6moF7ptcPu21H8xLfKKWjqZhTOgAKNdAaI3RXMb/SvEnZ1X+VR9ZqDd4ziG3vP5NHyil8FkfMh6UdZbEgVEv8Zsp71xB4sK5PculveZm8TPzpE1ougXeQ6Om3uleGX/AJoP8oJ+QqBe6b2BsHbwAHzNYGaKa1j0WJAbV+nSzpaY+YoVis1Cr+FxeAPSlhnYnqz3jT1nb40vMvaHPZMAeYGppm5iSdJAXsXamu/mO3eq0yfJpqSJRfdV6vdB19dT8aTBXQIRO5jn4b+cUlMW+wE90fLL9QaeWy5BlSk8xAHr/aj5YhuxBBGhYE8gxj0gVD4vh0a2wuWWuqwgooJzeUgeenKrREMDrrHaNSfTnTeVdzmPbJgemsUa12HpOP2+iWPW4xwqPZtsdA91QQOWaDqfL13p690C4heI9teQxsWdmA8BEDyrq4P8KEchBJH5/CnPaHb3SdurE+Bj+9P1JeBaUcvwn2VNpmvZu3IDHkTV5hfstw495nPf1V+BmtwoOudtR5b7bk0lcVMhVI7yN/CsHlnJ/Lv+C9EVyZux0Ewyai3qBoxZpB5GBXFuMW4fwJHxn616IvXJB58jrrXNenXQpmV8RY2997Z3n7xWNxEmN+yujHa+pmc0uxSfZ5cytiDAJFtSAeYDGfmK0fD+L2sRGe1qCYzKHAZJJAMaEROw307sH0b4h7C+jtIRwVfT7jGMw7QGWf6TXQVTDYJC+aPaN75JM5o1EAwoEEkDYczFaED+EVGtvcsPl9qSesR70nbfmT27gbACoOJ4phMI4Fy2ovsAzMqCSTILZiBEkH8hUvHWc2HdibV1kzPbNonI8K2WYadQSCJqswOPw3EbYtX0C3gJgHXvNtt+8rr570rHRT9KOOW8ZhyyIym1dTVo1zq4MQT+GsrgSBdQl8gDA5spbLGoOUHXUVpumaiyiWMysSQ0KoQJbTMEWBzLO5k6nesiTTEdibidoILhdQjAEFiBoRI38aqMX0ywybMXP8Kk/EwK5maEVxR6GC5YqNtiOnw+5aP9TAfIGq7EdNr7e6qL6k/OPhWZy0eWtl02Jdh0WV/pBiX3vMP5YX5VCu4l2952b+ZifnTeWjCVqopcIBFCnPZ0oWTVAMxQAqUuGPZSlwhPL0oAiRQirFeHMeVPLwpqVgVIWjy1eJwZuynV4N4UWOjP5KMWzWjXg42mT2DU+g1qfY6MXm2sXPHK0esaUJ2FGO9kaKugL0MxH+CfVPq1CnaFTOmNkB2Y98hR4aAmgMQJ0RO46sfjHwmmwB4fr1o0HYKy0LuVqHv2pj94juEfALTNwtvr4n9TStTy+EUWQk9XXtggkeVFRiG7Gsp308jE+MVJTEMOc9gI/LWnlwYGrkD4Ur2mUgIuh+9v9ZrP1k9oq/wXoa5HrQYjrdQdx/UU4Lqrtqe01GntJM9ppodmUeIH17aPScvrf7dh6q4DZsz5igBAjPJnvA7qVn/Rk+tFl/RNIYHmPMHb61qo1sibCC9oC+ECfQTSbqhtA3jHMdkzSzbO+k/rmaQEJMZG/m0jy1n4UAZ3pn0YXF2VCgJdtj9206EfgbT3T8D5zzTCcXaxOFxdouiEqVMZ7Z7FOxHd6GK7JxexiMkYdrSsfvOTp/KIgnx+Nc4xX2eYy4xLMhJJJbMZk6kmRVQdESQ7wTjGAs22RLpVWYsVdWkSACNBEaVnRisHhyHsl790e6XBW2p5GPeYjyq6H2XX+d22PM//AFqXhvsv/HdB8JP0X51WpCpnO8Zinuuzu2ZmMkn9aDlHdTarXW8P9mdkbvP9P5tU230CsKffY93VHrCk0rQ6OOphGPKnl4c/ZXbbPRHDiJtT4u3/AI1Ot9HbA/5Keaz/AKprPUytKOGWeEsak2uBMdtfDWu7WeGIvu2lHeFX4dlSkwxA5CoeVLuilD2OH2OiV1trdzzRh8YirC30Ev8A+EfMqPma7CtiNyG+A9JNOC2OR9KfxEewekziC8CHJGPhP+9TMN0ZdjpbueGQ/UV2G46iJeO6Rr9aIXD91WPeer6zr8KPXfaLD0vc5vhOg1xt0K97Zfo30q4sdArMda6/9KgfnWyGY7gDw1/XpRHx9fyrOeTLLZKv3X9lKEVyZ2z0VwQ0hnI3lmnzCx8qlWejeF/wB/UCf9RNXKsdo+lAtWenK+/3/oq4lfa4RZX3bCDwS3+X0qaMIkRkWPAfKiZ+/wAv1rRAnsHxHw1oWGV26/79w1oWLCgRAA9PhSThl7fSR8jSh5frx/Kkso7fj9Nq00S/V+CdS8AzWxpJ9CfpQpIU9vw/KhR6T/Uw1+yIhVVIkn5D1ilqozaATzESfERqKdt4IkfvD4gGfXlTzHKItoT6j405Z1xHf8CUPI01hTo5jtGaPlShcCDLbAA7h+vjSLmGZjmKiRsWI08qAsPzZQPSoqLdzlfsVuvpRGvPm3HW3Gfcd8T9aVnaNTPgKkrhk3lZ5kDU+lALbG7E+GlbLJHsvsRpYwiZtZA75k+f5VIC6ayfh+VKGIt8lNNnEg7KD5zT1vsmLSvI25EzqPOI8QfClBu4nwH6mnTcPJQKQbz/AIvICD9ZpXPx9x0vIFQ7wR3wRR+yfvPmNfSnAT3+elE7Nyj9d5/Kl/k9h/KNHCE6mFPbOvw/OjtYYDe4W9NO7qgUWQtyJ8f1FLGGPPTs50tE+8vsFrwE1u2Nz5x9aMFB+L4fWlC3HvT5flvSlTXRT47evOj0/MmGr2QQCke4T4zRpHIAUtUbwHdv8fypfsVO5nxk/Dal6cff+WPUxGcf7Un23dHwp82+z8qKO2R4U9MfAtTGyT20hxPIn9d9OFI2AnTfsnXXXWJpTE8t++mklwgtsii2/IhfU/DT60v2BO7H1j/TFLN881PlqPhr8KaOMXYGT2LrHjFMAv2YDYDyFLQ6wCfD+x2pJuncL6kfSaSbkjrekafWmBJPeabfKRtm8BP9qaBG4I8f7mjLE7fr1piFKvYY85+HKlMO001E7kDx/M6UpbI3ifE0hBsBRgdnzoZgOY8KDMOzzj68qKACp3/IUoKOz1olE7Np3a/E0oqJ3ooBJIo6DXAOdCnQEfCYzODB5+ndTjvA6zny0+VChR6cPAamMtcU7A+Mn60gvHP4UKFUkkS2JZGOxjz+lGLZ5n0/vQoUxi1QNoAT9PU08lhuZA8BRUKmxizZA5n9eFOW7XpQoUgY4qCkFoMDU9h/OhQpCFtmOwA8dfgPzojb7WJ+A+H96FCk2MUmnIUuTRUKQBLI7/nQN/uoUKAEPcPb8Kb9tGpG3ZQoU6GLF6dtaRcZu0DyJoUKYyLcA+9r56emw9KcLAAa6UVCgQuGjQev6NJz8jIPZ/tRUKAD20ogx2mhQpiFF430+PypaqKFChACKbu4hV3NFQoAMNOvxpQFChQMIx2ChQoUAf/Z" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Recently there was talk that <a href="http://www.sightline.org/2016/05/10/and-the-most-car-sharing-city-in-cascadia-is/" target="_blank">Vancouver BC was the carsharing capital of the Pacific Northwest (</a>including Oregon, Washington and British Columbia) with 2,550 carshare vehicles - with 2 round trip and 2 one-way operators. That's certainly impressive and speaks highly of the density and transportation options available to residents to make it easy to go car-lite or all the way to car-free. There are no P2P carshares in Vancouver (I consider Turo car rental since they don't have technology in the cars but rely on key-swap.)<br />
<br />
In Europe, Berlin was the early pioneer in carsharing — home to the pioneer carshare, StattAuto, back in 1987 and <a href="http://www.carsharing-news.de/carsharing-berlin/" target="_blank">now</a> home to 3 free floating services (formerly 4 until the demise of Spotcar) and 5 round trip companies (formerly 6 before the demise of CiteeCar) with about 181 vehicle locations combined (I have not been able to locate recent vehicle counts). In addition, there are 3 P2P carshares (functionally round trip carshares) with an undetermined number of vehicles and also a Scooter-sharing service with 150 electric two-wheelers. (It seems strange to me that after all these years none of the roundtrip carshares in Berlin seems to dominate the city — the largest, Flinkster, has 63 locations and the next largest is Greenwheels with 48 stations.) <br />
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" 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" 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" 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Now on to Milan - Maybe it's just a coincidence, but in one 24 hour period I saw 3 articles about carsharing in Milan and I was blown away. Milan is crazy about one-way/free floating with 5 operators:<br />
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://enjoy.eni.com/it" target="_blank">Enjoy</a> - 500 Fiat 500s, operated by ENI, the Italian oil refing company</li>
<li><a href="https://www.car2go.com/IT/it/milano/" target="_blank">Car2Go</a> - 700 Smart cars, adding 50 Smart ForFours, operating by Daimler</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sharengo.it/" target="_blank">Share'NGo</a> - Geely (Chinese) 2 door EVs, majority owned by vehicle make Shandong</li>
<li><a href="https://www.e-vai.com/web/evai" target="_blank">E-vai</a> - 100 vehicles, most electric; operated by the Lombardy railroad system</li>
<li><a href="https://it.drive-now.com/" target="_blank">DriveNow</a> - launched in October, now with 480 vehicles: Mini, Clubman, Cabrio, 1 and 2 series vehicles, operated by BMW.</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQh-oH6fUIZ-6gSP-3mNPWZJg9MXgKVLQdUbDIX5BBB1UeuHczV" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Image result for car sharing milano" border="0" class="rg_ic rg_i" data-sz="f" jsaction="load:str.tbn" name="wzegsigwUKgaHM:" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQh-oH6fUIZ-6gSP-3mNPWZJg9MXgKVLQdUbDIX5BBB1UeuHczV" style="height: 183px; margin-top: 0px; width: 275px;" /></a></div>
There was another one-way service, Twist, using (electric) VW E-Up!s that shut down last year. (could it be because they put their name in big letters backwards on the hood of each car - so it would appear normal in the rear view mirrors of other drivers - just kidding). It appears the Milanese not so interested in round trip/station-based with only 1 company - <a href="https://giraci.com/it/milano/&usg=ALkJrhhoyswUIKqr_l4YyZx5p5G6oT0ioA" target="_blank">GuidaMi</a>, with about 130 cars, operated by GirACI, a roadside assistance provider in Italy.<br />
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<a href="https://carloiacovini.com/" target="_blank">Carlo Iacovini</a>, mobility consultant in Milan offers the following reasons for the Milan's adoption of one-way/free floating, <i>"[T]he reason is mainly that free floating is easy and linked to free-style... The</i><br />
<i>the boom came with free floating, as it’s easy to use and became in one year a lifestyle service. ..</i><br />
<i>Also consider that Smart and Fiat500 are very popular cars and people loved to ride them in the city… </i><i>[It] doesn’t matter how good public transport </i><i>is</i><i>… it’s more a [question] of flexibility and trend."</i><br />
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<a 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" 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" 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yl0jwKmEuGwPQ2oh11K8WWciQhJzEBN1KSnfx6cqQtnKlQDi0i2YZBcgiPvag1p33j7zvjnmc0GZ8qjtDN5d79ljTHYhLzfdhS3FqcSEKU3kCSbFIPnpRSVHJiEre70IbIKQ3CUq0EHebUlxGOcWQVPzlMiyhBteAnXnXuI2k6tJSp9JChBEET/sFPnV/f1Gsqu/vzC9jg/Y38ntzBjWIGnlmpKllSgcqSqLmBMDnU+CeW0rM26kHfex6gijMVtjELTl7xsA65SBPmaVppWK04q+4TNNlSgkaqIHqYrsGYJAGgSB6CuZ9m8GVYpoSkgKzGFJPsgnQHiBV97QOlOHdixKSkf1L8CfeoV85xe8mfHiX3bo9WjjSbKq5tUIwpVmhTpKiCYkrUXDMkbjF+AqpBvvHMwGltRHDWdL7pp7tHEp7vMhOZCFQFH7xkjKByA91K8FieKUgqUSTB6xM6Qnhvr61RUei9R0NqHWAQ6lISl3woOgCYVPUExA4zzo/aDzqe6AIBXFo4+fxpHhMaO7bPdqJczuACdE2vG4hPvo/ZW0ftD6CpKh3YUTmjyHh/dqZDIu2GL7taWwoi0qg6zpPp76rSFKdWhEnxkAXnfF+lS9psWHMQ4ZFlZR/pt8qI7FYTNicxvkClTzPhHx91HQC/2TYCwAA103Vlbqc61lFBZRMG4pLYRmsE5Z4xy3HSvdq47vUZVKg6ggEeLdMWNpHnW2DlTPEgA6cbH5UMcMZ3U4KtgbJnHrJ7sKTATrqITlMHXhW+0VlQbWQAQEA3uSLX8qiWhYBk9Dw5VD9qOigfKD8aqh2D4tGVShzV6KGYe8Go1qzajVKh5jxCmSChw7yeYNbuYCYPAz8qTQ1IX4VwFsQIyFJPQmPnWmzkJSvUghRHyo44GAQkRIA9P1rVezb5pglQ8raz1qaK5kH4RHhcQPzgedx8aEw2zFN4ohRylWaUpEQQQIVxkKk0RsokrV1Hwg/CitoIUk4dZk+ESY4iL+aPeKTvYW1iXHQWxMi+4SbEHTzNDY62KK5AAWD1JCTHvNHY5tSs4RJKSqI84+Apdtlu6TlOYoQeYMXm3KhflCS9IKMF4hIOtyd5Jb0G7T40HiWUlck3tw4c6YPYbKtTkpANxe/wC9KFcwqVePMQoaADWNLzvmm+o41W5u1iAkJTH3hfqR61ri4K0iB7J1MbqYu4VKimEGBcXi4IIkDXSrLsPsOh5v+djGmHlwUtkJKw2qyZBWk+IpkdOtQk2NtLoWcbOTiNnYIKK0ZW2lDLYg5I3i1K3eysiBiHd2sHTThVpd2eWMI0wF5lNpCAsJiSEkAhJJjpNJQXwR4gRzbP8A2iPfXM4RCLwStfrn/wBMyyaeOSVsUp7MupEIxFuaOc8eN6GX2axGcrDiCo7yCPdEU/GMcGqUHwkmFAHNeBBO+E9J31qdpke00sfs8QBu47xreOp2cDJ6FPov5KwvsxiMqvYJJBsr+r8Q6VGNj4pKQgskpBJstOp4STECdONW/DbUQtQSMwJtcciePCf3FGfv4Uuwg90zGWiUXvaKJtHDvKSofZ1iVAzE2AjcNba0sSyUKJLKwMqhCkkwYgG4G+umR+/T61ouh6deJnLSpu7OavOtkIGXKQACY1MidNRAOt7nlUj7rBSvKBJ9mx4JuNwE5pnlaugLQDqKgXgmjq2g9Uil2D8Q/wDM/FfArXYDDZn1r/Cj3qIHwBqx9p1wGk65nUnyQCv4hNMtiYBtAUpCEpkgGABMdOtJe0jk4lCfwNEnq4qB7mz618wo9rxdR/b8lfmerBj7OFFU2+zlbSlOiSZ5kzc+ZPrSLFmEGOEDqYSPhVo2g2FAg/H51XXG5dbat7QUb7hoPhX1ptYetxTKZE/y2gBqOeo5RU/ZjGq7h/EuGbqI5ACYnfTHYeA79wpInvnEtj+kkBR8kgmo/wCJ+MAD2TwpW5kSBplTwA5I99ZKVy5SmvRs5olSzKs1yST1NzV//h3hT3a3DAK1QItZH6k1Sm0QB0romw8Slnu8PlvlF9xUbn3mtJMSi30HymSTr+/SsowIFZQTRyrZGOgpRqPZJHA1IguEkBKpkiw8xr51Yg3l3AeX0oZSjlmCkpUCDxAPLlNLdTv1D2or7rq0qyr7wXAidJ39KZsYZubtrMxClKN54BIonaKApcqEkpERqSk8eiuO6hgpw5ETAgmJuLkAEjz15VVgkhlg2kJskIk75Wb8DcD1opvBjefiKEw6lBYkRmTcEzJTv6kH3UyCedJgQHAyfCr0In31gwAmDBPPKTUwRyqDCQkWBkFQ8I4KOsUirJPsg4R7q2dbCmwmTBBHv59aKS4rifMfWo8A9uI0K7xYQo6npWc4ttPwfyZSaFDGxClRUl1Qmdwn31jmzk5jn8VgZJPE607deSdE+8/KsQ2VGQjQRNwN2t+VWS2LGdno3BPlFI9urW2GygxmTwGoj61cw+2n2lZ1bkNiT66Cl+KwZcHiabaQNM5MgdJn3ChCYNisOpDhQ2oQkC5AJJiTdUjfwr1l/HJIUXW/DGUquRHAqCoPSBwFbdy6pWVhRc4lCD/cfrQ+O2c62r+cIJ4qSfgTFNIGzpbOd3AtFaipak+IpVcmFeyYHrFAN4vIQC44I1DjdoGsqges0y2Af+gYPBJ9xVXgxiD94edvjXL4NJdjNP8AfPzKyRfcL28atSR4mHB4byQdUgyNJgm3GKnXhUTZIHS3wok4dGuVPUAcju6D0oRrZaEEFJcAH3c6in0JNq7BlbRAWPEfEoQkH2piZn2p4Co0OySlLoJBghSRM+WXhTJLYBJ4x7p+tKMbh5kqwqF3N0FM6zNwDO80UPmbCZc/IfMj5HhUanVDVtXkUn4kH3UsUhhISo99hyBkGo/PEwbeLX9KmYcBUgpxOYDNKTEkHTnbmKA9wUcUneFDqhXxiK2beSr2SD0qBPfJyAwoZSFkRJVuIFgAb/u4lwqllCSsZVEXHA+p+NAnQ7wLf8sc71TNprzYh9W4KCB0QkA/7iqr4AEpvokX8hXNGHSU5iLrJWeqyVn+6vkeB/1tZmz/AHu/oi2qRpiAKXvMZlDLEgzzMA2B58KKfdMxkVHER9Z91aFMV9WJG/ZntOhl5ASgqIz5bxCykoSq4uACpVV3triSp1pqZyJzHqo/ID30SvBt4dxt6SpJJSQY8NrkdJ99IsZiO9xDrg0KoT0Fh7gKUYpOynLaiXZzGdxCdQTPperbhVhD6YvCwTyBt6Sdf1pT2RwZUtSxoLdCb/IetN8DgAp9MqnNlOuse0NesjpTYk66Fs70m4IivKiexCQojI4eiFx7kxXtRYcrKVhduOIELSHBv3EfWmCNrMKHtKTyiw9JqsnEDSvFvpO73VrRJbChhcHvU2uJJ3iN4rZoMgwl5r/5DWqZbhavAhO4e6jlAujyG/CrvmhlM6yDYiLdaIadbInvUAcs30qlowc3gAUWlhAF4NS0MtDuJYNi+RH4U/U0MjGYZGYJU6uTJkC55X5VX3MQlPAUI7tYbgT7qXKOy2nbSB7KFHqr6CvcLtZ1RIZZSZ9qElWvEmRVGc2ms6QPL61sxtd1BkLIPK3wp8orOin7TEuONMJ6JJ9AI99QpKFmEh7FK5khI9LDzqtbI7RJBKnGEvq3Z1qAHWxHqKMxfbzEez3aWUcG/qR8Io5QLQME8lMuOM4VB3JjN9J6TQwfwoVDbbmKc4rnL6fpVa2f2hwZObEd+pXQEHqc2arLgNpuvjLgmkNt71CPeTv8iaGAW+vEqT/NcRhWtyU2J5CLnpPlQOHcazRh2VPr/GvT0+sUQ/s/DsnNi3i65+AEn9fUgUK7t9xcN4Zvu07gkeI+mlIZ0LZoc+yIzAFyFeEGBPigSNNwml2JUj76VIP50yP/AJCfjRnZ4LRg2+89oFWaTP3lG56USXAoWII5VzOEwXZz/wBk/MqU6lXqQqbZBTKDYzdCuIG477caiUp5P3kq/rGXj5axv0FHHBNySEgE7wADvH/cfWo14ZwA5HJsYCxN8sJki8SAecmuo8fgJZPEBXjVj2mlDW6bjSenH0qfDOhQJG4wetjUjjYSkqykkFROXUwTzFCsYxCvZcAO9K4BGhMix+NEeZdRS5X0QSpNBv7ObVOZCTPL5i+lGZjvTP8ASZ+McK17xPGDztwG/wA6uyKfcLEbGbSoKSViN2YkW5HnTHDsypI5/OpAP36miNnt+Mch8v8A9V5ddl7LTZJ+EX5At2iPtS9kwrxBglOQf1OEIHvVVNeYCRYmB8Ks3bd3wMt653gT0bSpf9wRVcxPsnoa4f4bxculc/3Py2+pu0L3UcDQqialX50O5X0dGdgO2cIpxPh9oaSdZqtYdopBSoQZMzuNWtc0v28zmT3gGllfI/vjRdBQ87NtBDAnVRBPQ6H0Aq0bNwyVJLmUZoN43TbztrVZ7PYgOpChuABHBQ3fCrZhVQmJ60u8TNBiY1QsneQm1ZUbmKSD/wAVlVQtjl5SQawCvHFc62Q2o3AtxNh6m1WI8Ka1NSZUjVU8kj5n9aExT4UMqRA46k/L3UATnaCQN6jQr20FHTwjl9aDebWiMwsdDxqIu0hk6lTWpXQ5drQqNFgElzdWTxP6VCi2upqVjBuODNAS3+JZhPqdfKaAJWVoPhi43gmSeVN9lB5WdKG++QkeIkgFA4mTcCk4cYZPhl5Y3mUoB5AeJXnE1piNtPKkZykKEFKbCOEC0UgoYv4ZpMuAqdSLeAQjNEkFxVvIAnpROzO1LmHJDaW0JUnKpISZg6HOTmBHWOVVlDh0m24bp4xxpoptAbylIzmPESZHHSxnnYdaBnStjdmVOw46uEmDAMqM8ToPfT3EY7C4NORABV+FOs/nO7z9K55srHupSUtrWkEXAMCPl1pjsos94O+KinflEjz3keXrrUtDOnbHx5dwKXCkSVL8IMCxUAJPxqBISTAKm17gfCd3skeFQ6Uds1xlWGAaKS3mKbaTGl9960+xkf5aynflV4k+U3HkfKubwmPoZV/kn5iypN7+BC484gXGe++BafTSpsNjAo5YUlWsEbq8dxRTHeIIF5UnxJHXeOpEa1u2EkZkERxSRHHpXVVmTi0SEUNiMOhXtJSqNJAMdKkQtUAkAyAbfQ/WvC4CYm/A6+hqthpi7/Dgk/y1rQJnLMpuSTY8ZrGw8CAooWmVlRiDBJUiBy0OsxNHqH7/AH0qP9/AUDsi+zjdbpI4DQWpnstN1H96/oKB/fxNM9mphHU/p8q4X4jy9noZJfqaXz+RePeRWO1LmbFpSP8A02Z83VfRr30mxKZB6GjdouFeIxC92cIHRtKUn/dnoNzWteGYuy0mOPqT+O/zPQlsKyY0NDuDfRFoqNYrpnnA1nlQW1kKLagmd0jiAZpk4mhynhTAQ7B2x9nckzkV7QHLQgcRVjd7YsKVIWUjgUmfhVL23hyhREHKbix9KVASYG+nQF4xXaLxHLChuPGsqupyi06V7QAy70fdSBzNz7/lFRLWTqSTzqRponQTUimAPaUByFz9KoQHiEkoURqN3KgGlzT3CYAOZlNlQUNx0VyFLDgAokA924NUKtSBUDYhwwATIGg4UCs02OwcSdEAjjnQB/uUKlXsANpKn3UiPuN+I+aj4R5ZqKARCjW9nqEKcIaT+b2j0RqfOK1O0gmzKAj82q/U6dBQKnCTJJJ4k3oGMV4xtNm0Zj+Ny/okWHnNbY7EtFIKnHHnSP6UNngJuojokdaUk1gFID0qr1KfSsCfM8KNw2CKrqsKBgyGyr2fWnmCwMQXDpokfu3n6VJhmQnQef04UY2gUgJkqMRoOA/d6kC4qKrP2b2IkgP4izX3QbZo3mfu28+moxEnY7FT3uCxAKG8VCmHCDAeTAgHS+VMc0xvp2zjsThVBpZzkQMjts3NpzQjr01phicOhVlZVDcgjQDSx3fsVGjbKp7l9pL7MGST4kcNfa9QRxri6jHnwZXm06tS/NHvvxXu6omeJT76fiMNnbfZdtJbX+Fdj5HQ+VG/YkZs4SAqCJFtePGkb3Z9DySrCuBxO9pwmU2tlUfEnztYXoLCY9/DLShWf2gC24NEkx4FTcRbhW2l4tizei9pLqns17voYOU8e017x9tRk5UgIK4KfZVlUkAHxJ4kWtvk0El5RCghQdNobc8Kk3Eza9iSD0orC7dacSkqloq0zeyYMWVp5GDRL7CVRmAMXB4HiDurqQmpq0zaMotbC5rGCQg5m1mYQoEg9DvsRoaIKyNU+Yv+vuqJrCFCpDiimSSlUEDU+ExMyeNFVpQmvAjCgdDP7A+VOGSEoBOgEn4mlQTJHOP37637XP8Ad4N8zBKMgPNcIH91fK/iVvJLDgX6n9F8zXF3spmBxsthRBBXKzvuslZ/uogOJUJBB+NKVK4W0AioXXFJiE5vca+ijBJJI0jkaJnEjnUCkndXqHpTNx1FeFYt8qe6D0GRkneKhXG6pyfWozHCnzCeN9wItNBYjDJIukcQQLg0zCf3NQOo4ginZDTXUry8AJNvd+tZTktHcY8qyi2PYXrxSiImBwFv351CTWlT4fDrX7IsNToB1JsPOrIGrWIS0hKkiW7ZhvHOq92i2qH129lFkmPEepox18MmAoOA+0ALDoTqfKleJbYUsFK8oOoINqYkWTDMhnAlxaTnWCUKKle4AxHOqljG3VQXJuARJ3biRunnR+0XgEQCkyAAZVoOCZjzNKQo+yKhcye7PRlljklyKtt/WzwgDnWijypzg8KgCZSrdMTf8o31FtzLbI2lsCwAVmUY3rPE8BpVGIqipG0FVgKkYws3VYfGmDSNwEDhSGaYXCpTzPupg2itEJHKmOGwLq0KWhEpSJKjYRfjrodOFJugW5EgRWy3kwAmc034eVBlXGjNl4JTrqG0+0owOXE9AJNAh72V2N9oXmWD3aT4vzHckcuP61cu1hSMIuQITkIH9K0kAelH4DZSWm0toKgEj1O89TVa7XulTbyM2YIT0vUdWNDkulVzqd3DzqF65geHlxoVl0gCL2B926tm3gZnX96UDN+9KFAglKhoU/Wm2F7RpWAjEthxMgBQF5JjT5iKSB3XePn868ZdShSVwYSQcv0/S1ePVcPwaqu0W/c1s17w5qHeO7N94gHDOBxsGe6UfVM6joriaSfaXWHMiSWvaJbd9nWQE8o3gjpxCS+4l3vGFqZ0AA4ACx3EcjVmZ7QtPI7vGtpIt4wLSeWqTzHurlSxa3Qu1/Uh8Jr6mMsEZbw2f8A+H7RoJyPDulwDe6b893nFN0rBEgyDpFKcd2TVlK8I4HUKF0KIMjgleh4AK0qpu4vEYZ1UJWzf/LUDl9DbdqK6Ok4vizLZ7966Ne488pzx/nR0nBplY9f36Uq/iJicrTLcjxugn+lCVK/uyUX2Mxjj6S4tooAsDuX/AEg3/wCarH8THSvEttpP+W0Serivo2PWuRmyR1fGMai7UF/Kt+dHtx/278RQY19D1sLV5NqX4QKHtH/TyotDszIr6kDHV8+v7NDrWRpwohShrqOB/fOo3MKmTqJtxH6e6kAI6/AknSJt8xWrWOCtJ8xUgwuUQLjkaiQgDSAeFPqOycqm9q0Ws2E1Eo8oNaqUdDB/frS5SlN95OpvnWUESf2ayjlYcy8Ab+S3r/NV5hA+avd0qDEY1a7EwkaJEBI6AWoQVsDWhkRPCaDXh05VKK4I0TBk/ICmChQzzVAIV1Ng3AlQJAVG46HrG6tnMPXv2WNT5Uihj9siCVJuDOUXv91I0SOdDrIUZygRZKdyR8zUbTXAUQlFAjxCDvolCa1SKkQKANhU3fqiMyogiJMQbkRzqEV6KKA3Qmuifw12ZZeIUnUlKLbvvH1t5GqJg8OpxaW0+0tQSORPyH1rtWz8GlpCG0+yhIA8t/nrUyBHuNxXdoKinTTqdBXP9qtuKSYGbPJOnin58qtnajExlQP6j5+EfM0hCs3h+78eQ+dQMH2clxLYDgAIG43AA30YkgjlWyk79QNx+RrRyFXTqbcJ6imBrlgSNLfsVEXAoE7xYA7hofX6USrw+FVpsOB5fpQmMcA8I6xwpx6ilXKQoxGWxuKm1MDqQf3rMVEnDaK1m5FEtrBpPqC6E+C2k4yolCik7/wnqND8asKe3jaU/wA9lZje2Ar/AGkg+k1VHja9xv6fOtFtA6da52r4VptU7yR38Vsy4zceg+2r/FvBpQe4bddXuBTkSD+YqM+gNUnB41zEZ8Q6ZW6sk8ABCUgDcABA+dbbS2Y09dQyq/EnXlyPnUJwhbSlIzFI3jWePA3q9DwvTaK3iW7727YSnKXUmxG0y02UgJJUoSCJsE69JV7qFGOIWUx4SbXmDzOsUPiDJAuSN8X5yBULQ/mAkGM0yk+fCveopboVjIYttWhv5/v14UUy8SDvj1pPspMqG+T8jTVuL5VeR3fOmxETghWpHM9ajU0ZJzZjA1/SiVO1BHiMWsPnQIGeVFzKbjdIt0r3vQZtapn1GCInhQpSOEHfTA2yj9k1laZufu/WsoARzW1ZWVQj2p2sEVAmwAEk8Bxt8q8rKBEDpA9n1Ovlw+POh+6rKykMlSmvctZWUDNhW4rKygDfdr5V6m9eVlIC5/w2wIU6t43DYASPzq3+SQR/qropcNZWVD6jKftvFnvHVzmKc0T+WQPnQWx8QXWkuGyiVeYkgZudtayso7gQaCVGDoNeZ19N9brakTv3HeKyspABvglSUrjLu/Mrnwgf80PisOEjMCfFOvLnWVlOPUUugSw6ChMbhHpWioPI8qysoGRJWSATxv8AL5V6pUVlZQAOq08BUTywBIMi3v8AeKyspgKXHsrkmbAxUbf8xZPsiN1ZWUDCO4IUCkAm/Kdx5TflW6yFdR5R6VlZVCB1uqSJkqEgX1vzqVp0aGypMcxXlZQBsty8Vo5EVlZQIGHU+6srKygD/9k=" style="cursor: move; height: 183px; margin-top: -3px; width: 275px;" /> Part of the appeal is that all carsharing vehicles are allowed to operate without fee within Milan's central city ecozone, Area C. And, a minor attraction may be that several carshares allow one-way pick up and drop off at Milan's Malpensa airport (a 50 minute trip under good conditions). <br />
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<a 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" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>The City of Milan seems to think there are benefits to one-way/free floating carsharing because they <a href="http://www.quattroruote.it/news/milano/2016/04/20/car_sharing_pronto_il_nuovo_bando_sconti_sui_canoni_e_conversione_all_elettrico_.html" target="_blank">recently announced</a> a tender to attract even more one-way carshare operators - with special encouragement to EVs (too late for Twist)! <br />
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All together there are approximately 2,300 carshare vehicles and 300,000 members in Milan. It's worth noting that while vehicle counts are certainly a useful metric for cities to pay attention to, another useful way to look at the impact of carsharing is the number of vehicles per 1,000 city inhabitants. To put that in perspective:<br />
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Berlin* — 3,000 carshare vehicles, 3.5 million population = 0.85 carshare vehicles per 1,000 people<br />
Milan — 2,300 carshare vehicles, 1.25 million population = 1.84 carshare vehicles per 1,000 people<br />
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Vancouver — 2,550 carshare vehicles, 603,000 population = 4.22 carshare vehicles per 1,000 people</div>
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(I present this city-carshare comparison somewhat reluctantly. While these numbers are interesting, they're also misleading and a little unfair, since the home areas of the one way carshares in Berlin, which make up the bulk of the carsharing fleet numbers, do not include some major parts of Berlin's population, unlike the service area of carshares in much smaller Vancouver.)<br />
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One way to look at cities is comparing the overall mobility. One recent comparison one is the <a href="http://sharedmobilityindex.com/" target="_blank">Shared Mobility Index</a>, which looks at urban density, commuting patterns, whether the city has a sustainability plan, presence of various shared mobility services (carsharing, bikesharing) and average daily parking cost.<br />
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Berlin - 69 points overall; 20 out of 30 points for shared mobility<br />
Milan - 65 points; 21 out of 30 points for shared mobility<br />
Vancouver - 60 points; 18 out of 30 points for shared mobility<br />
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All 3 cities are pretty pretty good, with no clear differences. What do you think (comment below). Thanks.<br />
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* For what it's worth: As many carshare vehicles as Berlin has, according to the <a href="http://www.carsharing.de/sites/default/files/uploads/uebersichtstabelle_staedteranking_2015_lang.pdf" target="_blank">Bundesverband CarSharing Deutschland</a> (PDF), Berlin is actually number 11 in the list of German cities: much lower ratio than Karlsruhe at 2.15 carshare vehicles thousand inhabitants.</div>
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Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-61529747372657421462016-10-28T15:59:00.000-07:002016-10-28T16:04:45.518-07:00Recent German Studies Provide Detailed Look at Carsharing Members and Impacts<div>
I've spent some time recently digging into the wealth of content on the German Car Sharing Association (Bundesverband Car Sharing) web site. Willi Loose and staff are doing some great work for their members on research and policy issues. </div>
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On June 24 of this year they held a workshop in Gottingen Germany, "Current Results on the Relief Effect of CarSharing Offers" (I hope that title doesn't make carsharing sound like a stomach ache remedy in German.) I wish I understood German well enough to make it worth my while to be there. BCS provides a good <a href="http://www.carsharing.de/arbeitsschwerpunkte/veranstaltungen/wirken-sich-verschiedene-carsharing-varianten-auf-verkehr" target="_blank">summary</a> (in German) of the conference, on which I've used the magic of Google Translate and further condensed below.</div>
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<b>Carsharing: More Space to Live - How CarSharing Benefits Cities, Willi Loose, Bundesverband Car Sharing, 2015</b></div>
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They surveyed 3,500 customers of station-based carshares in 12 cities; concentrating on well-developed carshare systems in inner cities to show "best case" results. Carshare members reduced car ownership by 61.9% compared to 12 months before joining; and another 18% after joining. This is the first confirmation that for most people joining carsharing is the result of a decision-making process that takes place long before one actually signing up for membership. In the city areas included in the study, each carshare replaced 8 to 20 private vehicles, depending on the area. Not surprisingly the high rates were in the densest parts of the cities.<i> (Dave comment: I hope that most carshares don't take this as permission to start promoting "up to 20 cars replaced" since most city government partners are bound to be disappointed that their local carshare hasn't solved their parking problem in a year or two. In North America I prefer to continue to quote Dr. Susan Shaheen's more conservative "9 to 13 cars replaced" numbers.)</i></div>
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<a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=de&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carsharing.de%2Falles-ueber-carsharing%2Fstudien%2Fmehr-platz-zum-leben-carsharing-staedte-entlastet&edit-text=&act=url" target="_blank">Detailed report (in English)</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.carsharing.de/alles-ueber-carsharing/studien/mehr-platz-zum-leben-carsharing-staedte-entlastet" target="_blank">Detailed report (in German)</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.carsharing.de/sites/default/files/uploads/praesentation_willi_loose_bcs-projekt_bcs-arbeitstagung_24.06.2016.pdf" target="_blank">Original Powerpoint (PDF in German)</a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-srvI_TS7PtM/WBPKMBRIIUI/AAAAAAAAIbk/1o0FZLQqe7oUfLsivonvFNvcBFIw05Q2QCLcB/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-10-27%2Bat%2B4.37.03%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-srvI_TS7PtM/WBPKMBRIIUI/AAAAAAAAIbk/1o0FZLQqe7oUfLsivonvFNvcBFIw05Q2QCLcB/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2016-10-27%2Bat%2B4.37.03%2BPM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Bar 1 - Auto ownership 12 months before joining<br />Bar 2 - Auto ownership at the time of joining<br />Bar 3 Auto ownership at the time of the survey<br />Bar 4 - Overall auto ownership by non- carsharing members</b></td></tr>
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<b>WiMobil: Claudia Nobis, Institute for Traffic Research, 2016</b></div>
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Studied DriveNow (one-way) and Flinkster (round trip) in Berlin and Munich. DriveNow customers younger age. Flinkster 72% car free, 15% attribute going car free to carsharing; DriveNow 43% car free, 45% claim carsharing cause. 45% Flinkster members are also DriveNow members. Many DriveNow members not aware of Flinkster option. DriveNow customers drive their own cars more frequently. Overall net benefit of one-way carsharing due to higher membership numbers.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span id="goog_1381753890"></span>Original Powerpoint (PDF in German)<span id="goog_1381753891"></span></a></div>
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<b>EVA-CS 2015</b></div>
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My colleagues at team red Germany studied 4 carshare services in Munich, 2 free floating; 2 round trip for the City of Munich to help inform changes in parking regulations for carsharing. Each type of carshare appealed to customers with different preferences for mobility and automobiles. Free floating appeals to car owners since it provides the option to make a type of trip (one-way) they can't do in their own vehicle. Public transport users see the value of both types of carsharing. Although benefits of one-way are not as strong as for round trip systems, the overall benefit of one-way is greater since these systems attract far more members than round trip carshares. <i>(Dave comment: Yay! I'm glad to finally see research that puts to rest my initial concerns about the reduced impact of one-way carsharing.)</i></div>
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<a href="http://www.mm.team-red.de/fileadmin/produkte/downloads/Pressemitteilung/160323_-_teamred_Press_release_EVA-CS.pdf" target="_blank">Report Summary (PDF in English)</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.carsharing.de/sites/default/files/uploads/160623_praesentation_hannes_schreier_eva-cs_bcs-arbeitstagung.pdf" target="_blank">Original Powerpoint (in German)</a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: "helvetica";"><b>Multimo - Robert Follmer, infas, 2016</b></span><br />
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Multimodal study about the effects of carsharing. Identified the following carsharing membership segments:</div>
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Pragmatic - 40%</div>
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Price sensitive - 40%</div>
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Environmentalists - 12%</div>
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Comfort Oriented - 11%</div>
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Multi-modal lifestyle - 10%</div>
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Mr. Follmer characterized these as "liberal intellectuals" and that they were 66% of all carshare members; but this group is only 10% of overall households, So he said, "Whether free-floating or station-based car sharing - you are all fishing in the same, rather small pond." To expand carsharing, he said, companies must seek new target groups.</div>
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<a href="https://www.infas.de/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/infas_multimo%20Pr%C3%A4sentation%20Carsharing_Vertiefung_20160202.pdf" target="_blank">Original Powerpoint (in German)</a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Destination Distance of Carsharing Trip — Smallest circle "in neighborhood", next bigger circle "city center", 3rd circle "around my city", outer circle "outside of my city". </b></td></tr>
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Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-60943331249100544102015-12-24T15:51:00.000-08:002015-12-24T15:51:10.960-08:00Los Angeles Thinks Big!One of the lessons I learned from watching the growth of bikesharing was the importance of thinking big. At the time, bikesharing was already happening in several cities in France but Paris took it a whole new level - really big time - and in a city that wasn't particularly hospitable to bikes! <br />
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I suggest the "think big" approach to many of the start up carsharing clients I work with because starting cautiously often means that investors won't take you seriously when you come back for round 2, that local government partners don't believe you will have a noticeable impact on city transportation patterns and customers may think of you won't be around in a year or 2. <br />
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<a href="http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd24.senate.ca.gov/files/cars%20parked.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd24.senate.ca.gov/files/cars%20parked.jpg" height="181" width="320" /></a></div>
The City of Los Angeles and Shared Use Mobility Center weren't my clients but I've got to hand it to them - the long-awaited RFQ from the City of Los Angeles shows just how big they're thinking: $1 million in incentives including $600,000 for startup expenses to the carsharing company, almost $500,000 for marketing and outreach expenses. <br />
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The city's goal is 110 EVs, plug in hybrids (and even fuel cell vehicles) into a carsharing fleet - at least 80 must be battery EVs. (I'll save you the trouble - that's $9,000 per carshare vehicle over 3 years.) The city will provide 150 on-street charging stations, including some of the new street light pole chargers (it's unclear if any will be level 3 stations).<br />
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The service area is in specified neighborhoods (identified in the RFQ) that have a high percentage of low income households and affordable housing projects. The project envisions, 7,000 members and removing 1,000 vehicles from the road by the end of the 3 year period. It's part of the city's Sustainable City pLAn.<br />
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Even with all that money, it isn't going to be easy to get to hit the 7,000 member target, even after 3 years. Here's why:<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BZkNaHe604U/VntJzkaJpmI/AAAAAAAAIIM/GnDv2DVkX1s/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-12-23%2Bat%2B12.26.05%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BZkNaHe604U/VntJzkaJpmI/AAAAAAAAIIM/GnDv2DVkX1s/s400/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-12-23%2Bat%2B12.26.05%2BPM.png" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></a>
<li>In spite of the financial advantages that carsharing can offer, getting low(er)-income households to use carsharing has always been a challenge. Many households do need drive every day, making carsharing less attractive as an alternative. (And don't forget, even though these households may be spending a big percentage of their income on transportation, car ownership is is still cheap in the USA - the real affordability issue is that wages haven't kept up.)</li>
<li>EVs themselves present challenges, for users the range limitations (or perception of) can be a deterrent, and for the carsharing operator EVs in carshare fleets have been shown to increased management requirements (to insure customers only get vehicles with sufficient battery capacity for their trip).</li>
<li>Los Angeles has traditionally been a challenge for carsharing companies. In spite of having an amazing transit system, it's still a driving city. (Even though Flexcar was once running more than a 100 vehicles in LA, Zipcar declined to continue the service when they took over Flexcar and has gradually reentered the market.) </li>
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But there's reason for optimism, too.<br />
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<ol><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EcC1kH1lanw/VnxROeCrx7I/AAAAAAAAIIY/WaUSEJ6qDV8/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-12-24%2Bat%2B12.09.22%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EcC1kH1lanw/VnxROeCrx7I/AAAAAAAAIIY/WaUSEJ6qDV8/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-12-24%2Bat%2B12.09.22%2BPM.png" width="320" /></a>
<li>LA isn't the same place it was 10 years ago - with increasing population densities (good for carsharing) and increasing gridlock (also good for carsharing when it motivates people to consider transportation alternatives).</li>
<li>Public transportation in LA has evolved considerably from during that period, with new light rail lines covering the city.</li>
<li>EVs aren't what they used to be (even 5 years ago) - 100+ mile range is the new norm on the next generation of most EVs (and the 20% of fleet that can be plug in hybrid provides a good option for longer trips).</li>
<li>Carsharing isn't what it was 10 years ago! We know a lot more about marketing carsharing and we know a lot more about running a lean company, especially now that the major carsharing companies are owned by the big boys (and girls) in the auto world.</li>
<li>And finally, LA is coordinating this effort with the parallel implementation of their long-studied Integrated Mobility Hubs concept, proposing that many vehicles should be located at the several multi-modal transfer points located in the proposed area. These will include bicycle and bike share facilities to finally provide the kind of first-last mile connectivity planners have dreamed of. And, the RFQ also mentioned possible interface between the carshare operation and transit payment cards.</li>
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I expect the usual suspects - Zipcar and Enterprise - will likely respond to this RFQ (due Feb. 5). At the present time, Zipcar has about 100 vehicles in the LA area, many at universities, so they're a natural. And there are some other possible applicants, including <a href="http://allianceautogroup.com/urban-car-share/" target="_blank">Alliance Autogroup</a>. And it certainly wouldn't surprise me to see Ford and GM respond, as well. No, I don't expect to see any Teslas in this fleet, but who knows?<br />
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Finally, I want to compliment the City for issuing an RFQ that's a model for specifying what you want but not telling companies how to do their job. (Well, except for the part that the Advisory Committee will oversee marketing and street teams.) And also for at least mentioning the issue that the contractor must provide usage data to the city planners. (There is one thing I would have done differently: not specify the final number of cars you want to see at the project conclusion, even a minimum number - let the proposers tell you how many they're shooting for, and then fix that number in the final contract.)<br />
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Might there have been a better way to spend a million bucks promoting carsharing and affordable mobility in LA? Perhaps. But the decision has been made, it's well thought out and could make a difference. I say, best of luck, LA!<br />
<br />Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-84951011493880123482015-10-23T14:16:00.001-07:002015-10-23T14:22:06.284-07:00Private Carsharing for Apartments and Condos<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;">I recently got a question from a developer who wanted to offer carsharing to the residents of a building. It's a great idea -</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> offer carsharing as an amenity for the residents - making the pitch "your apartment comes with a car".</span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m7v2Nco0-q4/Viqh1m-13uI/AAAAAAAAIB4/paLsz12qnsE/s1600/r-ZIPCAR-large570.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m7v2Nco0-q4/Viqh1m-13uI/AAAAAAAAIB4/paLsz12qnsE/s320/r-ZIPCAR-large570.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;">It's quite possible to do "in house" (literally) carsharing. But unless you are willing to consider a pretty low tech approach, the set up costs of the software and installing the technology in the vehicles only a couple of vehicles can be a deterrent. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;"></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;">One option to consider for only a couple of vehicles would be to contact any carshare companies operating in your city to find out what they would require to place vehicles in your building. They may suggest a "guaranteed </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">monthly </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">minimum" program, where you make up the difference between the revenues generated by users and the minimum amount - typically between $1,500 and $2,000 per vehicle per month, depending on the type vehicles that are placed. The provider handles all aspects - placing the vehicles, maintenance, cleaning, etc. As with any carshare, drivers are responsible for filling the gas tank whenever it drops below 1/4 (using a fleet gas card), or plugging in a EV when they return it. This guaranteed monthly minimum gives the building owner real incentive to promote the option to residents in order to reduce the monthly subsidy.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U1yuIdtMW4s/Viqhy-rGETI/AAAAAAAAIBo/ii24R9nnWk8/s1600/photo-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U1yuIdtMW4s/Viqhy-rGETI/AAAAAAAAIBo/ii24R9nnWk8/s200/photo-1.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Example of a publicly accessible garage allowing<br />vehicles to be used by both residents and other<br />carsharing members.</b></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;">If the building is located in the area where the carshare company has other vehicles, this further increases the attractiveness to your residents as there would be other vehicles nearby to choose from if the vehicles in the building were checked out, such as often happens on weekends. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;">A consideration for condominiums is what's in the condominium agreement. I've never seen one that allowed strangers (such as other carsharing members) access to a private garage. And unless it's very early in the development process there's almost invariably one resident who will object.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nxdB0obxClU/Viqh0EiqoQI/AAAAAAAAIBw/nD8PVwPTgf0/s1600/295408.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nxdB0obxClU/Viqh0EiqoQI/AAAAAAAAIBw/nD8PVwPTgf0/s320/295408.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Cell phone signals (needed for the on-board telematics unit <br />in each car rarely work in underground garages.</b></td></tr>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=11946496" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=11946496" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=11946496" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="webkit-fake-url://DDC685F0-5965-4BD4-BE3A-5E53A8E3B65C/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="webkit-fake-url://DDC685F0-5965-4BD4-BE3A-5E53A8E3B65C/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="webkit-fake-url://1E68E1D4-BFD0-498D-9278-BB209877F652/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="webkit-fake-url://DDC685F0-5965-4BD4-BE3A-5E53A8E3B65C/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="webkit-fake-url://DDC685F0-5965-4BD4-BE3A-5E53A8E3B65C/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">How the building's parking area is set up is a major consideration: if your parking area is behind a locked gate, the carshare vehicle is exclusively for the use of your residents. If </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">the garage is NOT behind a locked gate then you may have the option to allow other carshare members you may be able to set up the system so that only your residents can reserve and use the vehicles in your building (as well as you other carshare vehicles outside). What options are possible depend on the capabilities of the carshare providers software system.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">The Harbor Steps Case Study</span></h4>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;">For a couple of years the 720 unit luxury </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Harbor Steps </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">apartment building in Seattle (see picture above)</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> offered every tenant 5 hours of free usage per month. While this offer sounds like it could be very expensive, it wasn't, for 2 reasons. </span><br />
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<ul><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ywMNY2Xxl2c/ViqfQiDqWKI/AAAAAAAAIBg/ozY4YK93ggY/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-10-22%2Bat%2B5.03.10%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="319" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ywMNY2Xxl2c/ViqfQiDqWKI/AAAAAAAAIBg/ozY4YK93ggY/s320/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-10-22%2Bat%2B5.03.10%2BPM.png" width="320" /></a>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">They made a bulk buy of hours from the local carsharing company, Flexcar, so they got the lowest usage rate possible</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">They figured out that a substantial number of tenants didn't actually use their 5 hours every month so they were only paying a fraction of what it would have cost them if every resident had used their full amount.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(Yes, they eventually discontinued the offer, apparently because they didn't need to offer the amenity to attract renters.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Note to carshare operators: this arrangement was also very attractive to Flexcar since it brought them a bunch of new customers, and, for those who used a car, their trips were often longer than the 5 free hours per month that Harbor Steps was subsidizing, so Flexcar got additional revenue at the normal retail rate. (Warning: something that Flexcar didn't anticipate was how difficult it was going to be to program their software to split the trip charges at different rates. So don't try this until you've talked to your IT department!)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-family: Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;">Note: Don't get me wrong, low tech approaches can work just fine - in the right setting. Mechanical l</span>ockboxes, web scheduling and on your honor paper tracking of trips was the way many small carshares got started in the 1990s and early 2000s. It's more </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">definitely not as secure and much more </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">labor intensive (although possibly a residents committee would take on the management). The real challenge would be finding appropriate insurance, which won't be easy since typical carshare insurance is a specialized fleet policy, not available from the usual personal auto insurers. Insurance for this kind of "informal" carsharing can be a big issue and should be the first task in setting up this kind of service.</span>Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-78367839045421037052015-07-06T12:14:00.000-07:002015-07-06T17:35:38.080-07:00Naming the Varieties of CarsharingReaders of my blog and Twitter feed (<a href="https://twitter.com/CarSharing_US" target="_blank">@carsharing_us</a>) know that I'm a bit obsessed with using the correct names for various types of mobility services. This is my attempt to sort things out:<br />
<br />
First, there's the distinction between car rental and carsharing:<br />
<ul>
<li>Car rental - centralized locations; usually daily rental; but there have been examples of half-day and even hourly car rental; usually requires completing a new rental contract for each trip, fuel and insurance (beyond mandated minimums) not included in the rates;</li>
<li>Carsharing ("car club" in the UK) - distributed locations, close to users home and work; electronic system allows unattended access to the vehicle; gasoline and full coverage (not minimum) insurance is included in per hour or per minute rates.</li>
</ul>
However, the distinction between these two is increasing getting blurred as car rental companies install carsharing technology in vehicles to enable unattended car rental. Some Round Trip carsharing services, such as Enterprise Carshare, do not provide full insurance coverage and some Peer to Peer services do not include fuel but require the user to fill up the tank no matter how little the vehicle was use (not very convenient).<br />
<div>
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Then there are all the variety of carsharing. Right now, here's my preferred naming for various types of carsharing:<br />
<ul>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vgCnOnCszDA/VZsdWkKLY_I/AAAAAAAAHWI/LMx3hrPrUCc/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-07-06%2Bat%2B5.28.30%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vgCnOnCszDA/VZsdWkKLY_I/AAAAAAAAHWI/LMx3hrPrUCc/s400/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-07-06%2Bat%2B5.28.30%2BPM.png" width="400" /></a>
<li>Round trip carsharing— "classic" carsharing, must have a reservation with beginning and end time; vehicle must be returned to its home station</li>
<ul>
<li>Peer to Peer (P2P) - a variation of Round Trip carsharing, the primary difference being that private individuals own the fleet;</li>
<li>Fractional ownership - several people go in together and buy a vehicle and share the use of it; examples: <a href="http://www.audiunite.com/" target="_blank">Audi Unité</a> in Sweden and Germany or <a href="https://gomore.dk/leasing" target="_blank">GoMore Leasing</a> in Denmark;</li>
<li>Informal - such as neighbors buying a pick up truck together; usually a variation of Fractional Ownership but may be as simple as repeated borrowing of your parents' or neighbors' vehicle; usually no technology is involved;</li>
<li>Business or company carsharing - company or government fleets with carsharing technology (telematics and online scheduling) to improve fleet utilization and cost effectiveness.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-os564Sexvdw/VZseK6i3cJI/AAAAAAAAHWQ/6drPUsaI3yk/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-07-06%2Bat%2B5.32.06%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-os564Sexvdw/VZseK6i3cJI/AAAAAAAAHWQ/6drPUsaI3yk/s400/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-07-06%2Bat%2B5.32.06%2BPM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li>Flexible carsharing (my current preferred term) — one way/on demand services like Car2Go or Autolib'; these may be either: </li>
<ul>
<li>Free floating - cars park on the street in any legal parking space, like most Car2Go cities or <a href="http://enjoy.eni.com/" target="_blank">Enjoy</a> in Italy; or</li>
<li>Station-based - cars can only park in designated garages, parking lots or at electric vehicle charging stations (Autolib' & Bolloré BlueIndy).*</li>
</ul>
</ul>
This chart, from <a href="http://www.abramscarsharing.com/Abrams_CarSharing_Advisors/about_us.html" target="_blank">Julian Espiritu</a> does a nice job of laying out a continuum of round trip car sharing options - from rental car to P2P carsharing. <br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a4gYIsXCErY/VRG8FHqsVFI/AAAAAAAAGjw/IwHem34KJtI/s1600/Carsharing%2BCar%2BRental%2BContinuum.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a4gYIsXCErY/VRG8FHqsVFI/AAAAAAAAGjw/IwHem34KJtI/s1600/Carsharing%2BCar%2BRental%2BContinuum.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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You may ask, why is this important? For the simple reason that governments are forming partnerships, and sometimes providing incentives for carsharing, sometimes on the basis of little or no information about what the public policy benefits of carsharing really are. In other cases, claims have been made, by companies who know better, of benefits that either haven't actually been demonstrated or are based on information that applies to a different type of carsharing.<br />
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*note that Car2Go in Toronto does not offer floating parking on street but all trips must be ended in authorized parking garages - more than 300 within the Home area. station-based. And in San Diego, and Amsterdam, even though the Car2Go fleet is 100% electric the vehicles do not have to be returned to charging stations, but the provides users as incentive if they do.<br />
<br />Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-12136488819248161892015-04-06T15:25:00.000-07:002015-04-06T15:40:03.080-07:00Is Car2Go Black the next chapter of carsharing?(This was originally published in February 2014, but I've extensively updated it.)<br />
<br />
From about day 2 after the initial launch in of Car2Go in Ulm, Germany people have been wondering if/when/whether Daimler would ever to include one of their larger vehicles in the car2go fleet? Well, they did in February 2014 — <a href="https://www.car2goblack.com/" target="_blank">Car2Go Black</a> — in Berlin and Hamburg with 100 Mercedes B-Class vehicles. Now it's got locations in 8 cities in Germany.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-griqNetD7v4/UvrDYWP9arI/AAAAAAAAFYg/qYLBPo02juc/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+4.41.36+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-griqNetD7v4/UvrDYWP9arI/AAAAAAAAFYg/qYLBPo02juc/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+4.41.36+PM.png" height="441" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
(The Men In Black juxtaposition is mine, not Daimler's.)</div>
<br />
it appears they're doing it with the same flair and originality that marked the first Car2Go. They could have easily and simply seeded a city fleet with 20-30 B-class sedans and let them float around the city and called it good, but they didn't.<br />
<br />
Instead, it appears they've given a lot of thought about how to provide a flexible, convenient service. They decided to place these "black" vehicles in several strategic locations around a city and let the customers come to them (I'm sure they're hoping it will be in a Car2Go Smart). Black vehicles can be unlocked via RFID card of smartphone app. The key is in the glove box, not on the dashboard as in the Smart cars.<br />
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Reservations are required and They system allows one-way trips between Car2go Black cities but the destination must be specified at the time of reservation. Reservations can be made for up to 14 days, with trip start and ends in 15 minute increments.<br />
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Car2Go Black <a href="https://www.car2goblack.com/common/data/EU/car2go-black-prices.pdf" target="_blank">pricing</a> (PDF) is a model of simplicity and seems competitive with the car rental service it is — (as of April 2015) 14.90 € per hour including 50 kilometers per trip with additional distance at 0.29 € per km. or 89€ per day, including 200 km/day and same price for additional km. For cities with airport locations, there's a 4.90€ additional fee. Locating, unlocking and billing will be through the Daimler Moovel app. <br />
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<b>Commentary</b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--Yz1IOq_C0s/UvrJ4DOwj7I/AAAAAAAAFYw/zlZBumSh8Oo/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+4.57.03+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--Yz1IOq_C0s/UvrJ4DOwj7I/AAAAAAAAFYw/zlZBumSh8Oo/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+4.57.03+PM.png" height="237" width="400" /></a>I think Daimler has come up with a very clever compliment to its original Smart Car2Go system. And should be pretty efficient to operate, as well, given that it's basically a largely unattended car rental service. <br />
<br />
They may not know it, but Car2Go has pretty much implemented mobility guru <a href="http://about.me/dansturges" target="_blank">Dan Sturges</a>' ideas of "near cars" (Car2Go Smart) and "far cars" (Car2Go Black) as a complete urban automobility solution.<br />
<br />
And Car2Go Black already has a ready pool of thousands of existing customers signed up and in their system - credit cards and all! From an OEM's point of view Car2Go Black could be to be a great way for Car2Go customers to try out the "move up" B-Class model, just in case they're is in the market for a new car! (I don't know about whether this was done in Europe, but Car2Go in the USA did a member promotion offering a discount on the purchase of a new Smart car a couple months ago.)<br />
<br />
So, around town, Car2Go Black will be a premium car rental. But 14.90 € per hour (the same price as Car2Go Smart cars) is quite a bit more expensive than what other carshares charge for their most luxurious vehicles (not Mercedes, admittedly) and is similar to DriveNow's hourly rate for Mini Coopers and BMW 1-series. However, Avis would be glad to rent you a B-class for around town use in Berlin or Hamburg for a similar price, but which wouldn't include fuel or insurance (but would be a lot more if you wanted one-way trip between cities).<br />
<br />
A trip from Berlin to Hamburg would be about 120 € in a Car2Go Black (assuming the Autobahn cooperated), which is about what a high speed train trip for 1 person without a discount card would cost (in fairness, the train makes the trip about 50% faster). How often the one-way between cities option will get used is anyone's guess. And it's worth nothing that the one-way between cities is not original with Car2Go — a similar one-way option to travel between cities is already offered by DriveNow between Köln and Dusseldorf.<br />
<br />
As with all flavors of carsharing: Customer Convenience = Car Utilization. And how convenient this station-based carsharing will be depends at least somewhat on how convenient the parking / garage locations turn out to be. Car2Go Black is a particularly good strategy for Daimler, since the Smart vehicle is such a specialized "city" car. DriveNow, with it's more versatile fleet, can provide similar, if not greater convenience for longer, out of town trips with it's floating fleet vehicles. Both approaches have pluses and minuses so it's really up to the customer!<br />
<br />
As a reminder about the bigger picture, Car2Go isn't the only trick up Daimler Innovation's sleeve. They have made substantial moves into the ridesharing market as well. In addition to their investment in Carsharing.com, they have invested in the trip planner app Moovel and now bundled their full suite of mobility services (from themselves and partner) under Moovel listed <a href="https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/mercedes-me/mobility/" target="_blank">here</a> (don't ask me why it show up under the Mercedes name). Integrated mobility coming soon to a smartphone near you!<br />
<br />
I know I'm not the only person who will be watching Car2Go Black closely. Best of luck, meine Damen und Herren.<br />
<br />Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-53408650531447964542015-03-24T15:34:00.000-07:002015-03-24T15:37:32.262-07:00How does Flexible Carsharing Change Mobility & Car Ownership? <a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TNQ122GRHJI/VRHcj1mwj_I/AAAAAAAAGkg/RlnWtRNhWFs/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B2.19.40%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TNQ122GRHJI/VRHcj1mwj_I/AAAAAAAAGkg/RlnWtRNhWFs/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B2.19.40%2BPM.png" height="277" width="400" /></a>The two leading flexible carsharing (one way/on demand) providers in Europe, DriveNow and Car@Go, have made a useful contribution to understanding the effects on members' transportation patterns with the release of a summary of a <i>Joint Mobility Study By DriveNow and Car2Go</i>.<br />
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The companies surveyed 2,881 members in Europe, all of whom had been members for at least 3 months and had used a vehicle in the past 30 days. There was a fairly even distribution of ages from 18-50 and somewhat lower representation above that. Over 2/3rd of those responding to the survey were male and about the same percentage had no children in the household (the report makes no statement whether the demographics are representative of the membership of the organizations).<br />
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Here's how members said they used vehicles:<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3G9fpEarYkI/VRHf7R7_ciI/AAAAAAAAGks/FZ_VPnOc_sE/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B3.05.22%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3G9fpEarYkI/VRHf7R7_ciI/AAAAAAAAGks/FZ_VPnOc_sE/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B3.05.22%2BPM.png" height="292" width="640" /></a></div>
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Since the earliest days of Autolib' in Paris, there has been a concern that flexible carsharing would take passengers from public transport, and contribute to traffic on city streets. Although the report indicates that carsharing members continue to use public transport and bicycling, there were some situations where users did subsitute flexible carsharing for a transit trips - when the transit trip would have been long or required several changes (echoing a finding from the early studies of City Carshare by Robert Cervero). The main reason members gave for using flexible carsharing were when it was "the best and quickest way to reach my destination" (80%). In addition to improved convenience over a transit trip, members used flexible carsharing if they believed the trip was less expensive than a taxi (62%) or if cycling was not convenient (43%).<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O_yQf11xKzo/VRHf7TzJG1I/AAAAAAAAGkw/1hxq2XpHqSU/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B3.05.48%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O_yQf11xKzo/VRHf7TzJG1I/AAAAAAAAGkw/1hxq2XpHqSU/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B3.05.48%2BPM.png" height="280" width="640" /></a><br />
Another concern about flexible carsharing has been that it might not have the same effect of motivating people to reduce the number of cars they own (and hence the temptation to use those cars) as traditional round-trip carsharing. In the survey, 37% of members reported giving up a vehicle - of which more than 3/4s gave up their primary vehicle. That's impressive! <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-albH3jRRrSM/VRHUhaOBU0I/AAAAAAAAGkQ/Iioi0OK_lVg/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B2.17.35%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-albH3jRRrSM/VRHUhaOBU0I/AAAAAAAAGkQ/Iioi0OK_lVg/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B2.17.35%2BPM.png" height="424" width="640" /></b></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Cars given up by flexible carsharing service members by year</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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What members said they liked about flexible carsharing were:<br />
<ul>
<li>I have the option to use a car spontaneously, if required (54%)</li>
<li>The majority of my destinations are also accessible via other types of transport (53%)</li>
<li>The upkeep of my own car was too expensive for me (45%)</li>
<li>I hardly used my own car (42%)</li>
<li>My life situation has changed (40%)</li>
</ul>
Regarding the growth of flexible carsharing, members indicated they would use it more, "If the cars were more reliably available in my area when I need one" (74%; which just about every user of flexible carsharing can testify is an occasional problem) and, "If I could use the cars for longer at a reasonable price, e.g. for weekend trips" (43%; an attraction of car ownership, as well as lower-priced traditional round trip carsharing). <br />
<br />
Not too surprisingly, the report concludes that since the benefits of flexible carsharing are real, "upscaling the services would increase the beneficial effects" for cities. I agree.<br />
<br />
Industry report or not, I compliment both companies for providing a snapshot of their members.<br />
<br />
(Sorry readers, I can't locate a link to the full report and charts online. Here's the <a href="https://prod.drive-now-content.com/fileadmin/user_upload_de/12_Presse/Pressemitteilungen_PDF/Deutsch/2015/2015.03.12-DriveNow_car2go_Mobilitaetsumfrage.pdf" target="_blank">press release</a> in German.)Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-74132435858159921042015-01-21T11:30:00.000-08:002015-03-24T11:41:11.943-07:00City Mobility Scores and Carsharing<br />
The success of carsharing clearly isn't just about how good the operator of the service is, it's also based on the overall balance and richness of the transportation environment of the city (and how the operator designs their service to fit into that environment. Figuring out some way to "rate" cities on mobility seems like a key to greater understanding for policy makers, as well as a way for the carsharing operator to understand the city they're serving better.<br />
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This is interesting and useful attempt to define a set of criteria and develop ratings for 84 world cities in this full report <a href="http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/members/140124%20Arthur%20D.%20Little%20&%20UITP_Future%20of%20Urban%20Mobility%202%200_Full%20study.pdf" target="_blank">The Future of Urban Mobility</a> (PDF) report by Arthur D. Little for UITP organization.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sSiLRKhZ900/VRGfjCIp8-I/AAAAAAAAGjg/ysYzCXKL0N0/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B9.47.17%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sSiLRKhZ900/VRGfjCIp8-I/AAAAAAAAGjg/ysYzCXKL0N0/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2015-03-24%2Bat%2B9.47.17%2BAM.png" height="460" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;">The author's, </span></span>François-Joseph Van Audenhove, Laurent Dauby. Oleksii Korniichuk, Jérôme Pourbaix<br />
have divided the mobility factors into Maturity and Performance categores, and include both carsharing and bike sharing in the Maturity ratings. (I wonder if they'd include Uber if they'd been writing the report in 2015?) These factors were weighted and the index score calculated.<br />
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Of course one can quibble. I would have substituted "smart PHONE penetration for "smart card penetration" and, ideally, some sort of land use rating to describe the proximity of neighborhood services that enable residents to not make trips at all. <br />
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While developing a index is can be useful, much can get lost in the process. I noticed that Lost Angeles scored slightly better than Portland (my home town) but it's hard for me to imagine that LA really has a "better" urban transport system? Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-33121567969384918682014-12-31T14:17:00.000-08:002014-12-31T14:33:24.100-08:002015 TRB Carsharing & New Mobility Sessions <span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875);">January is TRB month when transportation researchers and practicioners in all fields descend on Washington, DC. The AP020 Share Use Mobility committee Below is a list of committee activities for the upcoming 2015 Transportation Research Board (TRB) Annual Meeting (<a href="x-apple-data-detectors://0" x-apple-data-detectors-result="0" x-apple-data-detectors="true">January 11-15, 2015</a>) to be held in Washington, D.C. Although I won't be attending, if you want to get an intensive dose of wht's happening in the field, this is the place to be.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875);"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875);">As in previous years there are a number of excellent papers scheduled to be presented, giving you a chance to hear the latest and interact with researchers. In addition the AP020 subcommittee and Ridesharing subcommittees will be meeting. And before and after the sessions is a chance to spend time networking, including a reception sponsored by the Shared Use Mobility Center (below). </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875);"><br /></span>
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(Please confirm rooms with final program)</div>
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<u>Workshop 138: Shared-Use Mobility: What Does the Future Hold? Part 1</u></div>
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<u>Workshop 184: Shared-Use Mobility: What Does the Future Hold? Part 2</u></div>
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Location: Convention Center, 144C<o:p></o:p></div>
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Time: <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://5" x-apple-data-detectors-result="5" x-apple-data-detectors="true">Sunday, January 11, 2015, 1:30 to 4:30pm</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<u>Session 224: Car and Ride-Share Use and Public Policy</u></div>
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Location: Convention Center, <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://7" x-apple-data-detectors-result="7" x-apple-data-detectors="true">150A</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Time: <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://8" x-apple-data-detectors-result="8" x-apple-data-detectors="true">Monday, January 12, 2015, 8:00am to 9:45am</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<u>Session 285: Car and Ride-Share Operations</u></div>
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Time: <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://10" x-apple-data-detectors-result="10" x-apple-data-detectors="true">Monday, January 12, 2015, 10:15am to Noon</a></div>
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<u>Subcommittee Meeting: Parking Management Joint Subcommittee of AP020, ABE50, ABE20, ABE25</u></div>
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Location: Marriott Marquis, Supreme Court<o:p></o:p></div>
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Time: Monday, January 13, 2014, 1:30pm to 3:45pm</div>
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<u>Subcommittee Meeting: Emerging Ridesharing Solutions Joint Subcommittee of AP020, AP025, AHB15</u><o:p></o:p></div>
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Location: Marriott Marquis, L’Enfant Plaza (M3)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Time: Monday, January 13, 2014, 3:45pm to 5:30pm</div>
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<u>Committee Meeting: Emerging and Innovative Public Transport and Technologies Committee, AP020</u></div>
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Location: Marriott Marquis, Archives (M4)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Time: <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://14" x-apple-data-detectors-result="14" x-apple-data-detectors="true">Tuesday, January 13, 2015, 8:00am to Noon</a></div>
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<u>Session 574: New Research in Car and Bikesharing</u><o:p></o:p></div>
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Location: Convention Center, 102B<o:p></o:p></div>
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<u>Poster Session 654: Transit Operations</u><o:p></o:p></div>
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Time: <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://16" x-apple-data-detectors-result="16" x-apple-data-detectors="true">Tuesday, January 13, 2015, 2:00 to 3:45pm</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<u>Poster Session 655: Carsharing: Public Policy and Operations<o:p></o:p></u></div>
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Location: Convention Center, Hall E<o:p></o:p></div>
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Time: <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://17" x-apple-data-detectors-result="17" x-apple-data-detectors="true">Tuesday, January 13, 2015, 2:00 to 3:45pm</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<u>Subcommittee Meeting: Shared-Use Vehicle Public Transport Systems, AP020(1)</u><o:p></o:p></div>
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Location: Marriott Marquis, Mint (M4)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Time: <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://18" x-apple-data-detectors-result="18" x-apple-data-detectors="true">Tuesday, January 13, 2015, 7:30pm to 9:30pm</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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</blockquote>
There are a number of additional sessions that mentioned carsharing in their summaries which can be searched in the <a href="http://pressamp.trb.org/aminteractiveprogram/Program.aspx" target="_blank">TRB interactive program</a>. <br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Shared Use Mobility Center in Chicago will hosting a </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">reception <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://0" x-apple-data-detectors-result="0" x-apple-data-detectors-type="calendar-event" x-apple-data-detectors="true">from 4:30pm to 6:30pm on Sunday, January 11, 2015</a>, at Cuba Libre </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: none; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; white-space: nowrap;">Restaurant & Rum</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: none; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; white-space: nowrap;"> Bar, located just down the street from the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. Light food and </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: none; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; white-space: nowrap;">refreshments will be provided. The reception is sponsored by the Shared-Use Mobility Center, a new </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: none; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; white-space: nowrap;">public-interest partnership working to connect the growing shared mobility industry with transit </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: none; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; white-space: nowrap;">agencies, cities and communities across the nation. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: none; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; white-space: nowrap;">For more information about the <a href="http://sharedusemobilitycenter.org/" target="_blank">Shared Use </a></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: none; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://sharedusemobilitycenter.org/" target="_blank">Mobility Center</a> or call 312-448-6202</span>.</span></span><br />
<div style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Helvetica;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Helvetica;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875);">For registration information on attending the annual TRB meeting, please go to: <a href="http://www.trb.org/">www.trb.org</a>.</span></div>
<br />Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-77063749800401239452014-06-30T22:48:00.001-07:002014-06-30T23:04:24.626-07:00Where Does Carsharing Fit in the Scheme of Transportation Modes?When I was first getting interested in carsharing, way back in 1996, I came across a wonderful graphic that really helped me understand the role of carsharing in transportation. You've probably seen this graphic in numerous Powerpoints — which modes are best for which types of trips, based on the Distance of the trip and amount of Flexibility (time, destinations) needed during the trip. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W_S_NDWT6ro/U7JIGEhwwSI/AAAAAAAAFpc/0U594KekJlI/s1600/CS+Mobility+Trip+Options.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W_S_NDWT6ro/U7JIGEhwwSI/AAAAAAAAFpc/0U594KekJlI/s1600/CS+Mobility+Trip+Options.png" height="412" width="640" /></a></div>
I first saw the graphic on Eric Britton's foundational website and e-mail discussion group at <a href="http://ecoplan.org/carshare/cs_index.htm" target="_blank">World Carshare Consortium</a>, which is still alive and well (as is Eric, who has created more website and discussion groups since then than I can keep track of!) He told me that the original source, from 20 years earlier, didn't actually call it carsharing but the term "paratransit"(after all the term wasn't coined until 1987 when carsharing as we know it got started, almost simultaneously in Switzerland and Germany). Somewhere along the line, the word Carsharing got substituted and the chart became history.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8FdO37WithA/U7JIK1QyJkI/AAAAAAAAFpk/05UG3F9BdMw/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-30+at+10.21.55+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8FdO37WithA/U7JIK1QyJkI/AAAAAAAAFpk/05UG3F9BdMw/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-06-30+at+10.21.55+PM.png" height="406" width="640" /></a></div>
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(From Ron Kirby and Kisten Bhat: <i>Para-transit: Neglected options for urban mobility,</i> Urban Institute, 1974)<br />
<br />
Well, that graphic was history, until now. But even carsharing evolves and now we have a new flavor - one-way/on-demand carsharing (e.g. Autolib, Car2Go, Enjoy, JoeCar), which has somewhat different trip characteristics. So I was very pleased to find an updated version of this chart from Marco Viviani of CommunAuto, Montreal, showing the place for One-Way. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ecf8uz0vs44/U7JICa72-qI/AAAAAAAAFpU/lQWEsjYsRy4/s1600/Mobility+Matrix.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ecf8uz0vs44/U7JICa72-qI/AAAAAAAAFpU/lQWEsjYsRy4/s1600/Mobility+Matrix.png" height="313" width="640" /></a></div>
Something that Viviani's graphic does very nicely is to convey what those swirly black line arcs in the upper graphics represent - the possible overlap between modes.<br />
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One might argue that the One-Way bubble should really be a big elipse that also slightly overlaps with Public Transit, since the most recent evaluations show a slight decrease in transit trips by one-way users. (But, for what it's worth, I would suggest this should not be a big concern since these are likely trips that would have been difficult to do on transit - either because of time and schedules or because of the number of changes required.)<br />
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I suppose one could include Uber, Lyft and Sidecar in the Taxi category, if you really wanted to update it. The next question will be where autonomous cars belong on the chart?<br />
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Hope this is useful.<br />
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<br />Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-36302618752745844642014-06-12T15:39:00.003-07:002014-06-12T15:39:26.009-07:00Two nice carsharing promotional videos - from South AmericaI'm always on the lookout for short, nicely done videos that promote carsharing and tell how it works. Interestingly, the two most recent one's I've seem come across are from the South America, a huge area with lots of big cities (and a couple of megacities) and a whole lots of cars and traffic jams but, so far, very little carsharing.<br />
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The first video is from <a href="http://joycar.com.br/" target="_blank">Joycar</a> in Sao Paulo, a new carshare service placing cars in garages and at companies (joining long-established <a href="http://zazcar.com.br/" target="_blank">Zazcar</a>).<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Q2khILYyNwI?rel=0" width="640"></iframe><br />
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The second is in one of my favorite animation styles - the hand drawn cartoon (as popularized by The Story of Stuff). Who it's from is a bit of mystery (to me, at least). @mobigo.cl is the only identification (tips welcome - just post a comment below. Thanks).<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/q_NPKYysZX8?rel=0" width="640"></iframe><br />
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If you've got some favorites, animated or not, let me know.Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-5108606677501233962014-03-30T16:42:00.001-07:002014-03-30T16:42:59.270-07:00Six Key Decisions For Every Carshare Start UpAs a consultant in the field, I've talked to many entrepreneurs thinking about starting a carsharing company. Almost always their first question is about technology — the telematic device in the car and the software for reservation/billing/fleet and customer management. The next question is often about what I think about their choice of vehicles.<br />
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While technology and vehicles are important considerations, they are almost never the first things to consider and probably not the most important, make or break, decisions you'll face. Preparing and delivering the recent webinars in Metavera's <i>Should You Become a Carsharing Operator</i> series got me thinking about what these priorities are. So I'd like to offer an overview.<br />
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First a couple of general comments: many carsharing services have been experiencing 30%+ membership growth rates for a number of years. The demographic trends indicate that car ownership has peaked in North America and Europe, so I expect these growth rates will likely continue. Half of the 50 largest cities in the US do not have large-scale carsharing. And, outside of Europe, Australia and Singapore, the rest of the world is untouched. (But it may look different in these areas, since carsharing can provide "automobility" for the large segment of the population that may not be able to afford, and probably doesn't need to own, a car.<br />
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There's a variety of service models that get called carsharing: traditional (round-trip) services, and variants serving specialized markets, such as college campuses, government and corporate fleet carsharing, and getting closer to car rental model, there's unattended car rental (with carsharing elecronics but regular car rental rates and requirements) and variations on all of above. And, of course, there's one-way/round trip services, which are getting all the attention these days. <br />
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No matter what type of service you have in mind, there are some key considerations. Here's my short list:<br />
<h3>
Insurance </h3>
If you're not going to operate in North America or Europe, or if you have in mind a P2P carshare service anywhere, identifying insurance should be your very first order of business. Carsharing insurance is more like a commercial auto policy, such as a corporate fleet or commuter van company might carry, not a personal auto policy. And it probably isn't car rental insurance either - which is typically minimum coverage (in hopes of selling the customer additional coverage). This means you have to dig deep to find insurance brokers that specialize in transportation.<br />
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And you will quickly find that insurance companies are in the business to make money. They want to see that your company is going to grow sufficiently that the premiums you pay are worth their risk. Don't waste your time, and that of insurance brokers, until you have developed a pretty well-defined concept with at least some basic financial projections. Finding insurance is a slow process. I can help speed it up.<br />
<h3>
Pricing</h3>
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While there are a couple basic pricing strategies that many companies use, this is one of the key factors that prospective customers will judge your service on. While hourly with miles included is the norm for most of North America, it seriously limits the types of trips your service can be effectively provide.<br />
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Developing a good pricing model is more difficult than it seems, since people don't have much to compare carsharing rates to. Ask yourself: is my pricing simple and understandable for the first-time user? Does it provide a discount for more frequent users, both individuals and businesses? The area of pricing, including membership plans and other fees, is a major topic that I spend time helping customers define and refine. </div>
<h3>
Customer Service</h3>
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Perhaps the aspect of carsharing that gets the least attention from start ups is fully developing a customer support side of the business. When you own a car, you provide your own customer service. When you're a carsharing company, how you relate to the customer during the crisis times is where your reputation is defined. And customers will let the world know when you screw up - via Twitter, Instagram, email to friends - but not necessarily back to you. This cannot be overstated. It's not necessarily about money, it's your companys attitude, as well.</div>
<h3>
Competition</h3>
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Carsharing is still a new concept for most people. Two competitors in the marketplace actually legitimize something that many people may have thought was marginal. So your biggest competitor in your customer's mind is car ownership - not another carsharing company. <br />
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You have to address these concerns that your prospective customers have:<br />
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<li>Will your service be reliable (a car available when I want it)? </li>
<li>Will it be convenient (easy to make reservations or on-demand; ideally no more than 5 minute walk to the car?) </li>
<li>Will it be economical (less expensive than owning a car, including parking)? </li>
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What is the personality you want your proposed company to convey? This is so essential it's often overlooked when working through all the financial and operational details of starting a new company. What kind image is your service going to have: functional, fun, youth-oriented, luxury, cool, reliable, a cooperative/"sharing economy" business, a "local company" or a corporate brand? As a good example, I point you to Autoshare — they have done an amazing job with their Keys to Wonderful campaign, moving beyond the functional "how does it work" and creating a lifestyle brand. Beyond a great image, conveying that brand throughout everything you do is a challenge.</div>
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In addition to these questions, your business or operating plan needs to show how the day to day operations will be handled: Where will the cars be parked? Are the assumptions in your pro forma financial projections realistic/reasonable? How many staff people do you need? Do you have a viable marketing strategy? Are the vehicles leased or owned? How often do you clean the cars? Who's handling on-call duties on evenings and weekends? And, of course, there are the telematics and carshare software platform decisions that may have been your first consideration. I will offer this hint: rarely does it make sense to start out building your own system - you don't know how all the pieces of your business fit together yet, so how can you design a system to manage it?<br />
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Carsharing is a low-margin business so you really need to hit come out of the gate running - whether you're a car rental firm planning a carshare subsidiary, a non-profit in a small community, or a large corporate venture. As a consultant, I know I can help you avoid wasting a lot of time and money getting your business off the ground — you know your local market, I know the industry. </div>
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I am flexible in the way I work with clients — by the hour or day, or by the project. The most basic way I work with start ups is by reviewing the business plan and offering comments and suggestions. In addition, using the resources of Team Red I can also provide demographic and geographic analysis to help identify the most promising neighborhoods, conduct survey, etc.</div>
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Here's a link to the slides from <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/Metavera/should-you-become-a-car-sharing-operator-introduction" target="_blank"><i>Should You Become a Carsharing Operator</i> webinar</a> presented by myself and Julian Espiritu of Abrams Carsharing Consulting and sponsored by Metavera. If you'd like to contact me use the link at the top right of this page. Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-81780266516696202702014-03-07T13:59:00.003-08:002014-03-07T14:01:14.880-08:00Does it really cost $9,000 per year to own a car in the US? <br />
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I saw it again: another article quoting a statistic of how much it costs to own a car! You know, the one quoting AAA's calculations that it costs $9,000 per year. </div>
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I am so tired of seeing that statistic! Not that's it wrong, mind you, but because I don't think quoting it (without some context) actually makes people more aware of the cost of car ownership. Let me explain why.</div>
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First of all, if you own a car, you're probably NOT spending $9,000 per year, and I think the chances are slim that you even know someone spending that much each year (unless they own a very fancy car and live in a big city with very expensive rented parking space). </div>
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It's not that the $9,000 number isn't true - I think the AAA did their homework, since it matches up very closely with <a href="http://www.intellichoice.com/6-2-649/advice/ownership-costs.html" target="_blank">Intellichoice</a> cost of ownership numbers. But as the <a href="http://exchange.aaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Your-Driving-Costs-2013.pdf" target="_blank">AAA chart</a> (PDF) shows, it's only true for very high mileage drivers in new, medium size cars - and, I would argue, these people aren't the people likely to join and use carsharing. </div>
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I think the number that is more realistic to quote is the AAA number for a small sedan at a lower annual mileage of 10,000 miles per year - about $5,900 per year. And these are big numbers:</div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">$12 per day</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">60¢ per mile (10,000 miles/year)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;">46¢ per mile (over 15,000 mi/yr)</span></li>
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So my second objection to the $9,000 per year price tag is that it probably doesn't apply to a big percentage of the prospective customers for round-trip, station-based carsharing.* Remember these AAA numbers are for new cars and would apply to vehicles less than 5 years old. But most of the cars on the road today aren't new and especially those owned by prospective carsharing members. The average age of cars on the road is almost 11 years - 34% of all cars are between 6 and 10 years old and another 36% are older than 10 years. I would suggest that probably 40-50% of the vehicles on the road would be considered fully amortized (no depreciation or finance charges in the AAA chart) - these owners are probably looking at operating costs in the 25¢ per mile range.</div>
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It well known that most people who own a car don't have a very clear ide of what their car is costing them. So, they don't have a good reference point to compare carsharing rates to ownership. The closest comparison might be cost of car rental, so carsharing may seem expensive, since most rental rates have a lot of hidden costs - fuel, insurance, inconvenience of renting, etc. And, unless they are familiar with bicycling/walking/transit use, it can be difficult to imagine accomplishing much of one's life without a car parked out front.</div>
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Don't get me wrong, part of any marketing campaign for carsharing needs to include the cost of ownership comparison. But people make their decision to join carsharing based on many factors, one of which is cost comparison, but for most people the fundamental decision is a "value" question - "carsharing is convenient and less hassle and I get to drive to drive a variety of cool cars."</div>
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So, let's get out there and tell the world how expensive car ownership is - but give them a believable number in a context they can relate to.</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">* Although, the $9,000/year number might apply to a greater percentage of prospects for one-way/on-demand carsharing, they are probably interested in one-way service for the convenience aspects not the money-savings.)</span></div>
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Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11946496.post-49244584734500848112014-02-11T15:12:00.001-08:002014-02-12T16:48:38.198-08:00Where to go for more information about carsharingI'm regularly asked what are some other sources of information about the rapidly diversifying carsharing industry, so here are a couple of comments and a couple of places to spend some time.<br />
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First, the comments: if you're looking for operational data - hours per day of utilization, revenues, etc. - I'll tell you right now, there's ALMOST NOTHING on the web. The reason is not hard to figure out: most of the companies are for-profit and don't want their competitors doing exactly what you're trying to do - reverse engineer their business model. Nothing surprising about that, is there? You can try to do a little reverse engineering from Zipcar's old SEC filings (pre/post IPO), City Carshare's tax forms (they're a nonprofit) on GuideStar, and the financial statements in <a href="http://mobility.ch/" target="_blank">Mobility Switzerland's</a> annual report (they're a cooperative). <br />
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What is on the web has a lot to do with the growth of the industry and the demographics of members and trip patterns, as it relates to impacts on urban transportation. Almost all of the information out there is about traditional round trip, station-based carsharing, since the first studies of one-way/on-demand carsharing and P2P carsharing are only now underway with results expected to start trickling out in the fall of 2014.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MjnNe4E_rJQ/UvqmCxh9QXI/AAAAAAAAFXo/_z6r7Y5AcnA/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.36.07+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MjnNe4E_rJQ/UvqmCxh9QXI/AAAAAAAAFXo/_z6r7Y5AcnA/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.36.07+PM.png" height="200" width="145" /></a>Finally, I would warn you you can spend a huge amount of time on the internet looking for information that just doesn't exist. Trust me!<br />
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<b>The starting point</b> for any research on carsharing is the 2005 study by Adam Millard-Ball <i>Carsharing Where and How It Succeeds</i>. This is the bible on round-trip station-based carsharing. Fortunately, you can download the entire book for free from the Transportation Research Board <a href="http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/156496.aspx" target="_blank">here</a>. Really, start with this report whether you're a car rental company, a city government agency or a business major writing a report or a business plan.<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TE9H-RN5bPk/UvqmE7emE1I/AAAAAAAAFXw/hy4rkI0VsTw/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.30.39+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TE9H-RN5bPk/UvqmE7emE1I/AAAAAAAAFXw/hy4rkI0VsTw/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.30.39+PM.png" height="112" width="200" /></a><b>TSRC</b> — At the <a href="http://tsrc.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank">Transportation Sustainability Research Center</a> at U.C. Berkeley, Dr. Susan Shaheen has been researching carsharing longer than anyone, and we are fortunate that she's got an academic home that has enabled her to research and publish so much about the evolution carsharing. <a href="http://tsrc.berkeley.edu/finder/publication" target="_blank">Reports</a> by her, Eliot Martin and Adam Cohen are cited everywhere and for good reason.<br />
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Some other sources to check out:<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dldOp6m6mic/UvwWRPe6pgI/AAAAAAAAFZU/ktUrIQuWyj0/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-12+at+4.45.45+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dldOp6m6mic/UvwWRPe6pgI/AAAAAAAAFZU/ktUrIQuWyj0/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-12+at+4.45.45+PM.png" height="46" width="200" /></a><b>Auto Rental News magazine</b> — Chris Brown the editor of <a href="http://www.autorentalnews.com/" target="_blank">Auto Rental News</a> realized early on the implications of carsharing on the rental car industry and started covering it.<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zRy_Q1a0Sw0/UvwVEfuNLfI/AAAAAAAAFZI/su6mhyQ9788/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+4.09.48+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zRy_Q1a0Sw0/UvwVEfuNLfI/AAAAAAAAFZI/su6mhyQ9788/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+4.09.48+PM.png" height="200" width="194" /></a><br />
<b>CSA</b> — The <a href="http://carsharing.org/" target="_blank">Car Sharing Association</a> is a North American-based trade and advocacy group with a growing world-wide membership, which primarily serves as a forum for operators. Some of the most useful current information is from the presentations from their 2013 conference <a href="http://carsharing.org/2013-csa-conference/" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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<b>My Twitter feed</b> — You'll quickly see that I <a href="https://twitter.com/CarSharing_US" target="_blank">Tweet</a> a lot more than I write blog posts. I cover current developments in carsharing and "new mobility", in general. My most recent Tweets are to the right.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fQw795ZURwY/UvwVC3g3F1I/AAAAAAAAFZA/DiB9acFIpAM/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-12+at+4.41.39+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fQw795ZURwY/UvwVC3g3F1I/AAAAAAAAFZA/DiB9acFIpAM/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-12+at+4.41.39+PM.png" height="125" width="320" /></a><b>Carsharing.Net</b> — <a href="http://Carsharing.net/">Carsharing.net</a> is curated by Autoshare (Toronto) CEO and Canadian carsharing pioneer Kevin McLaughlin and has a bunch of information, some new, some old including some "how to's" about starting a carshare from some of the pioneers. You can still download my 2004 TRB paper <i>CarSharing - Start Up Issues and New Operational Models </i>from the Carsharing.net website <a href="http://www.carsharing.net/library/StartUp_Issues_TRB04_DBrook.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>. People tell me is still a useful overview, even though the technology sectiion is woefully out of date.<br />
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<b>Frost and Sullivan</b> — Martyn Briggs and his band of researchers at Frost and Sullivan have produced a number of very interesting reports about carsharing and future of mobility and the automotive sector in both North America and Europe over the past few years. Of course, they'd really like to sell you the full reports. Search their site for the latest press releases <a href="https://www.frost.com/srch/catalog-search.do?queryText=carsharing&x=43&y=11" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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<b>CommunAuto</b> — Special mention should be made of the extensive <a href="http://www.communauto.com/biblio_ENG.html" target="_blank">bibliography</a> of both French and English research reports on carsharing, starting pre 1981 and extending to 2005. This is a gold mine for history buffs.<br />
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<b>Slideshare</b> — And while we're on the topic of slide decks, there are a number of Powerpoints on Slideshare worth looking at. I'd start with the one's that have the most views <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=carsharing" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
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For international research you mostly have to go to consultants like me or hope you find something useful at the websties of trade associations in various countries.<br />
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<b>World Carshare</b> <b>Forum</b> — Eric Britton has been interested in carsharing even long than I have and has been an inspiration to pioneers in the industry through the <a href="http://ecoplan.org/carshare/" target="_blank">World CarShare Forum</a>. But as carsharing has become well-established he's broadened his interests into more general sustainable mobility topics. He's tireless in just about every medium imaginable, Facebook, Linked In, etc. Well, worth a read. <br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RLfjLDgMpX0/Uvqm3VSNL3I/AAAAAAAAFYI/WvCmgnLni4Y/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.26.05+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RLfjLDgMpX0/Uvqm3VSNL3I/AAAAAAAAFYI/WvCmgnLni4Y/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.26.05+PM.png" height="161" width="320" /></a><b>CarPlus</b> — The <a href="http://www.carplus.org.uk/" target="_blank">CarPlus Trust</a> in the UK is another go-to source for English-langauge information about "car clubs" in the UK ("carsharing in the Queen's English is what we Colonists call "carpooling"). They're an umbrella organization, setting standards and promoting the car club idea all over the British Isles and their best practice guides and annual report of car clubs is a model that every cities and, indeed, other countries should emulate. You'll also find references to reports by Dr. Scott LeVine of the Royal Auto Club Foundation in the Resources section, such as his recent <a href="http://www.racfoundation.org/research/mobility/car-rental-2" target="_blank">Car Rental 2.0</a>.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7WSsd120JxY/Uvqm2XsB_YI/AAAAAAAAFYA/pYucRo7fQ1w/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.39.36+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7WSsd120JxY/Uvqm2XsB_YI/AAAAAAAAFYA/pYucRo7fQ1w/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.39.36+PM.png" height="106" width="200" /></a><b>BCS</b> — <a href="http://www.carsharing.de/" target="_blank">Bundesverband Car Sha</a><a href="http://www.carsharing.de/" target="_blank">ring</a> (Federal Association of Car Sharing) headed by long-time carsharing researcher/advocate Dr. Willi Loose, is the trade group for the carsharing industry in Germany and they also publish a useful annual report. They have an abbreviated but useful summary of international research on their website translated <a href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.carsharing.de/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dbundesverband%2Bcarsharing%26num%3D30%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den" target="_blank">here</a>. As with other country sites, you can search for the cities that offer casharing - and in Germany that can be daunting, since there are over 110 companies offering carsharing in Germany.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ePth535enxc/Uvqm3dY6i3I/AAAAAAAAFYE/ntPCIHIvX-0/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.39.54+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ePth535enxc/Uvqm3dY6i3I/AAAAAAAAFYE/ntPCIHIvX-0/s1600/Screen+shot+2014-02-11+at+2.39.54+PM.png" height="150" width="200" /></a><b>France</b> — Somewhat suprisingly, there's no organization representing all the carsharing services in France. The Autopartage France group of cooperative carsharing services has recently rebranded itself as the <a href="http://citiz.coop/" target="_blank">Citiz</a> Network. They link to a very interesting national survey of carsharing in France translated <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dautopartage.fr%26num%3D30%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=fr&u=http://citiz.coop/presse/enquete-nationale-autopartage&usg=ALkJrhjJNON1AXgFLL91acf0NP4hjGHGKg" target="_blank">here</a>. An interesting, if a bit purist, discussion forum about autopartage is <a href="http://lavoitureautrement.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">La Voiture Autrement</a>, machine translated into English <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dautopartage.fr%26num%3D30%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=fr&u=http://lavoitureautrement.blogspot.com/&usg=ALkJrhhGaEzcpmQNK-MQ1lDe5z_N9REgFg" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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<b>Australia — </b>has several major carshares serving multiple cities. The Australian government has published several reports about carsharing over the years.<br />
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<b>Japan — </b>Not surprisingly, given the density and cost of owning a car carsharing has taken off in Japan with a major parking operator and car rental firm offering carsharing. In addition, there are many smaller groups offering EVcarsharing services, as well as experimental programs from Toyota (Ha:Mo) and Nissan (Choimobi). Email me if you are interested in more information.<br />
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<b>The rest of Asia —</b> Without Google Search and GoogleTranslate, the scattered news articles about carsharing developments would be the inscrutable Orient!<br />
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And a final comment, do not overlook <b>Wikipedia</b>. Even I am constantly discovering detailed stuff on Wikipedia I'd never seen before. <br />
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Happy hunting. But don't say I didn't warn you! That's what we consultants are in business for - to help you sort out the wheat from the chaff - much faster and more economically.<br />
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<br />Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03238082076937978064noreply@blogger.com